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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
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which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
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'ihe  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


0    Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


D 
D 


n 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul6e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


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Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
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mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires; 


L'institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
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une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
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Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pelliculdes 


I      I    Pages  damaged/ 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


B 
D 
E 
D 
D 


D 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^color^es,  tachet^es  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

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Quality  in^gale  de  Timpression 

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Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


I      I    Only  edition  available/ 


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obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu^  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


30X 


7 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Dana  Porter  Arts  I  tfjnuy 
University  of  Wati.  loo 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
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filming  contract  specifications. 


Oifginal  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  era  filmed 
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the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ►  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  f^lmA  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
ginArositA  de: 

Dana  Porter  Arts  Library 
University  of  Waterloo 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  it6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film«,  et  en 
cottformit6  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  nymboies  suivants  apparaTtra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seui  cliche,  il  est  fiimd  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1  2  3 

;■■■ 

4  5  6 


UNIVERSITY  OF  WATERLOO 


LIBRARY 


CALL  No. 


Smith,  H.  I, 


5 PEC  COLL. 
E 
78 

H9S58X 
1899 


Archaeology  of  Lytton, 


British  Columbia 


'■*-.  ''^z  ,''  ■■      *  ; 


MEMOIRS 


American  Museum  of  Natural 

History. 


Volume  II. 


251 


ANTHROPOLOGY. 


I. 


The  Jesup  North   Pacific  Expedition. 


III. — Archaeology  of  Lytton,   British  Cokinibia 


By  HARLAN   I.  SMITH.      "...  ' 


May  25,   1899. 


,M,l 


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AV./.-t^V 


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ttbc  tRMdKrMctcT  pnw,  «cw  I^Mt 


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III.  —  Arch/eology  of  Lytton,   British  Columbia. 


By  Haki.an  I.  Smith. 


n.AiK.  XIII. 


Lytton  is  situated  at  the  conduence  of  the  Thompson  and  Fraser  Rivers,  in 
southern  British  Columbia.  Below  Lytton  the  Fraser  River  breaks  through  the 
Coast  Range,  forming  a  deep  carton,  while  above  Lytton  it  flows  through  the 
plateau  which  extends  from  the  Coast  Range  to  the  western  range  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  The  climate  of  this  area  is  rather  dry,  and  consequently  the  vegeta- 
tion is  somewhat  scanty.  The  higher  parts  of  the  country  are  covered  with  open 
timber.  The  Indians  inhabiting  this  area  at  the  present  time  subsist  largely  on 
fish,  of  which  there  is  an  abundant  supply  in  the  rivers,  particularly  at  the  time 
when  the  salmon  ascend  to  spawn  ;  but  fish  is  not  by  any  means  as  important  a 
staple  as  it  is  among  the  tribes  of  the  coast.  Roots  and  berries,  which  are 
gathered  on  the  hills,  form  an  important  part  of  the  diet  of  the  people,  who  also 
hunt  deer  and  bear,  on  which  they  subsist  when  living  at  a  distance  from  the 
rivers. 

On  accoimt  of  the  importance  of  the  fish  diet,  the  more  permanent  villages 
of  the  Indians  are  located  on  the  larger  rivers,  principally  on  the  Fraser  and 
Thompson.  Places  on  the  banks  of  the  river  which  are  not  too  far  removed  from 
berrying  and  root-digging  grounds  are  the  favorite  resorts  of  the  Indians.  Lytton 
is  most  favorably  located  for  all  these  pursuits,  and  consequently  it  has  always 
been  an  important  village.  Evidently  the  same  conditions  prevailed  in  prehistoric 
times,  as  is  shown  by  the  extensive  remains  of  villages  and  the  large  burial-grounds 
found  at  this  place. 

A  large  burial-ground  on  the  point  of  land  between  the  Fraser  and  Thompson 
Rivers  has  long  been  known.  It  was  first  described  by  Dr.  George  M.  Dawson, 
who  investigated  it  while  engaged  in  geological  work  in  southern  British  Columbia 
during  the  years  1877  and  1888-90.'  The  collections  made  by  Dr.  Dawson  are 
in  the  Museum  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada.  The  botanist  Diercks,  while 
studying  the  flora  of  this  country,  collected  a  number  of  fine  stone  carvings,  princi- 
pally from  the  region  below  Lytton.  These  are  now  in  the  Royal  Ethnographical 
Museum  at  Berlin.  In  the  Provincial  Museum  at  Victoria,  B.  C,  and  in  various 
private  cabinets  of  antiquities,  are  several  small  collections,  the  results  of  casual 
visits  to  the  old  burial-place  near  Lytton.  The  specimens  from  similar  sources 
which  were  preserved  in  the  City  Museum  of  New  Westminster,  B.  C,  were 
totally  destroyed  by  fire  in  1898. 

'  Transactions  of  I       Royal  Society  of  Canada,  Section  II,  iSgi,  pp.  10-12. 


■i 


riHi 


l.lO 


SMITH.  AKCM.KOI.Or.V    OT    I.VirON,    MRrilSM    CDH'M  IlIA. 


K<i 


In  July,  iSg7,  the  Jt-sup  North  Pacific  Expedition  maiie  a  series  of  explora- 
tions in  this  vicinity.  The  followinjj  clirscri])tions  are  based  upon  these  explorations, 
which  were;  carric:il  on  Ijy  the  writer.  Tiie  accompanying  illustrations  are  from 
drawings  by  Mr.  U.  Weber.  In  the  field,  assistance  was  rendereil  by  Mr.  Charles 
Hill-Tout  of  Vancouver,  who  for  many  years  has  been  much  interesti^l  in  tlu- 
antitpiities  of  British  Columbia,  and  whose  '  LatcM'  Prehistoric  Man  in  iSrilisn 
Columbia,''  is  the  first  ri'siiiiu'  of  British  Columbian  arch;eology.  Mr.  J.  J. 
Oakes  assisted  in  excavatinjij,  and  explored  the  graves  which  he  discoverctd  on  a 
Chinaman's  ranch,  finding  several  important  specimens. 

The  ex|)lorations  were  largely  confined  to  the  main  burial-place  and  villagt-- 
site,  situated  on  the  sand-hill  that  is  found  alon;,'  a  terrace  between  the  cartons  of 
the  I'Vaser  and  Thompson  Rivers  ami  immediately  to  the  north  of  their  conlluence 
(Plate  XIII).  This  is  by  far  the  most  important  site  near  Lytton.  The  hill  is 
about  a  hundred  feet  above  the  river,  and  is  approximately  fivi;  luuulrcd  feet  in 
length  by  two  hundred  feet  in  breadth.  A  large  |)ine-tree  is  growing  on  the  crest 
of  the  liill,  in  tlie  middle  of  the  burial-|)lace.  An  Indian  trail  passes  to  tlu;  west 
of  the  area,  and  the  government  road  bounils  it  on  the  east.  No  definite  ag(!  can 
be  assigned  to  any  of  the  remains  secured,  as  the  wind,  which  sweeps  strongly  u|) 
tlu;  carton  of  the  Fraser  River,  is  continually  shifting  the  light,  dry  sand  from 
place  to  ])lace.  It  unco\ers  the  graves,  disarranges  ihem,  and  sometimes  re-co\ers 
the  remains.  Miners  and  Indians  often  camj)  at  this  site  ;  and  the  objects  left  or 
lost  i)y  them  are  scattered  on  the  surface,  and  often  covered  by  the  blowing  sand. 
.Ml  these  objects  must  be  distinguished  from  the  undisturbed  burials  of  the 
prehistoric  people.  The  surface  is  strmvn  with  human  bones  which  have  been 
uncovered  by  the  wind,  There  are  also  scattered  about  shell  beads,  wedgc's 
made  of  antler,  scrapers  and  chipped  points  of  stone  such  as  are  used  for  arrows 
and  knives,  grinding-stones,  celts,  and  other  material  s..nilar  to  that  founil  in  the 
graves.  There  is  a  large  box  at  this  place,  in  which  the  Indians  deposit  the 
br,nes  and  objects  as  they  are  uncovered  by  the  wind,  but  sometimes  they  bury 
them.  The  bones  they  consider  to  be  those  of  Indians,  although  they  do  not 
know  whether  they  are  of  their  own  ancestors  or  not.  It  is  reasonably  certain, 
judging  from  the  complete  absence  of  luiropean  objects  in  the  undisturbed 
graves,  that  they  antedate  contact  with  the  whites.  A  number  of  ti'em  must  b(! 
several  humlred  years  old. 

Extending  to  the  north  from  the  hill,  and  on  the  same  terrace,  were  found 
old  hearths,  inilicated  by  broken  and  crackled  firestones,  large  slabs  of  grinding- 
stones,  and  remains  of  underground  houses.  A  few  human  bones  were  secured 
from  the  etige  of  a  gravel-pit  made  by  miners  near  an  Indian  cemetery  known  to 
be  modern  by  the  portions  of  the  fence  which  still  remain. 

Southwartl  from  the  sand-hill,  on  the  level  of  the  terrace,  were  found  traces 
of  similar  hearths,  charcoal,  and  rolls  of  birch-bark  partly  burned.  Here  were 
also  remains  of  underground  houses.     There  were  two  large  bowlders  which  the 

'   rrnnsaclions  of  llif  Hoyal  Society  of  Canada,  Sicniid  Surics  \iil.  I,  Siilimi  II.  iS.)?,  pp.  103-122, 


ittr-. 


yi-, 


SMIIll,   AK(■ll.l■.(»l,()l;^■    ()|.    I.VIION,    llRiriSlI    COI.UMIMA. 


'.?• 


Iiitlians  ri-port  wt-rc  iist-d  in  the  ceremonials  performed  by  yonn^'  men  or  liy 
yoiitiis  when  reaching  maturity.  It  is  saiti  that  these  youtlis  were  re.jiiireil  to 
cover  the  distance  from  one  bowliicr  to  the  other  in  a  prescribed  num- 
ber of  leaps. 

About  half  a  mile  below  Lytton,  on  the  high  gravel  terrace  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Fraser  River,  was  found  a  second  village-site. 
The  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad  cuts  through  the  western  portion  of 
this  terrace,  which  is  considerably  higher  than  the  one  upon  which  the 
town  of  Lytton  is  located.  Scattered  over  the  surface  of  the  wind- 
swept sands  are  numerous  evidences  of  former  habitation  ;  such  as  ...^ 
chips  of  glassy  basalt,  burned  and  crackled  firestones,  and  the  carved  Ki„.,. ,:,,,.  s,„„e 
stone  object,  apparently  of  foliaceous  steatite,  shown  in  I-'ig.  i.  The  ".'fc'.. i.irN.',;'.' 
use  of  this  ol)ject  is  undetermined. 

A  third  village-site  was  located  on  the  high  terrace  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
1-Vaser  River,  about  two  miles  north  of  Lytton.  The  place  is  a  meadow  in  an 
open  pine  forest  east  of  tiie  government  road.  South  of  it  is  a  small  l)rook,  ending 
lower  down  in  a  marsh.  This  may  have  determined  the  location  of  the  site,  since 
it  affords  a  supply  of  fresh  water  high  above;  the  l-'raser  River.  Here  were 
remains  of  a  large  number  of  underground  houses,  apparently  very  old,  as  none  of 
the  house-timbers  remained.  Scattered  about  near  them  were  chips  of  glassy 
basalt,  rubbed  stones,  and  skin-scrap(;rs  made  of  stone. 

I  here  are  a  number  of  recent  graves  on  a  lower  terrace  between  this  village- 
site  and  the  I-'raser  River,  the  little  cemetery  lying  on  a  cultivated  ranch  betwJijii 
the  government  road  and  the  river.  At  this  point  the  b'raser  has  cut  into  the 
terrace,  forming  a  steep  bluff.  Three  wooden  grave-posts  carved  to  represent 
human  beings,  and  a  rille,  marked  the  place.  Several  n  mains  of  underground 
houses  were  found  in  the  vicinity.  These  houses  were  probably  more  recent  than 
those  on  the  higher  terraces,  as  the  pits  and  embankments  were  less  levelh  d  by 
the  action  of  wind  and  water.  Near  them  were  found  points  chijjped  from  glassy 
basalt,  stone  pestles,  and  rubbed  stones.  About  two  miles  farther  up-stream,  on 
the  verge  of  the  high  bluff  overlooking  the  Fraser,  and  nearly  opposite  the  mouth 
of  Stein  Creek,  a  fourth  site  was  found.  Here  there  were  many  remains  of  old 
houses,  rubbed  stones,  and  other  evidences  of  a  prehistoric  vilkige. 

A  fiftli  ancient  village  and  a  burial-jjlace  were  located  at  the  north  side  of  the 
mouth  of  Stein  Creek,  which  empties  into  the  Fraser  River  from  the  west,  at  a 
point  about  four  miles  above  Lytton.  This  place  is  on  the  table-lanil  overlooking 
the  I-'raser  River,  and  near  the  cemetery  of  the  present  Indi.m  village  of  Slame. 
Here  were  human  bones,  fragments  of  pecten  shells  (|)robal)ly  parts  of  ])enilants 
or  rattles),  fragments  of  steatite  i)ipes,  ami  wedges  of  antler,  scatti:red  by  the 
wind.  On  the  lower  terrace,  close  to  Stein  Creek,  are  remains  of  ancient  houses 
which  measure  from  fifty  to  sixty  feel  in  diameter. 

Some  attention  was  given  to  a  sixth  site,  which  is  marked  by  burials  and 
traces  of  habitations  on  the  low  sandy  terraces  on  the  west  bank  of  the  b'raser 


H 


a 


*'  I 


'3= 


SMITH,  ARCH/KOI.OGY  OF  LYTTON.   HRITISH  COLUMBIA. 


River,  about  opposite  the  main  burial-place  (Plate  XIII).  These  remains  ex- 
tencieil  near!)'  a  mile  to  tlie  north,  and  incUuled  several  house-pits  on  the  ranch  of 
Mr.  luiri,  nearly  a  mile  above  I.ytton.  These  pits  were  from  fifty  to  fifty- 've  feet 
in  diameter,  and  five  feet  ileep,  measuring  from  the  top  cf  the  ridpe.  Human 
bones,  clii|)ped  points  of  j,dassy  basalt,  rubbcil  stones,  and  other  implements  were 
found  in  the  sides  of  miners'  pits  ;  and  several  complete  burials  were  found  on  a 
ranch  cultivated  by  Chinamen,  nearly  opposite  the  main  burial-place.  These  sites 
may  or  nay  not  have  been  occupied  at  the  same  time. 

All  throuji[h  this  rej^ion  are  evidences  of  jjrehistoric  habitations,  located  at 
varyinjj  distances  from  the  larger  village-sites.  This  suggests  that  the  mode  of 
life  of  the  prehistoric  people  was  similar  to  that  of  the  present  Indians,  among 
whom  one  or  two  families  often  live  at  some  distance  from  the  main  villages. 

Resources.  —  The  resources  of  the  prehistoric  people  of  Lytton,  as  indicateu 
by  the  specimens  found  in  the  graves,  hearths,  and  about  the  village-sites,  were 
chielly  stone,  copper,  shell,  bone,  antler,  teeth,  the  skins  of  animals,  and  vegetable 
substances. 

They  employed  extensively  various  kinds  of  stone  for  making  a  large  variety 
of  objects.  Quart/itc  pebbles  were  used  for  scrajiers,  hammers,  and  similar  ob- 
jects. Quartz  crystals  were  found  in  the  sites,  and  may  have  been  used  for  drills 
and  charms.  Argillite  was  made  into  fish-knives,  points  for  arrows,  etc.  Glassy 
basalt,  agate,  chalcedony,  and  yellow,  red,  antl  green  jasper  were  used  for  various 
kinds  of  chipped  implements.  The  material  commonly  employed  for  the  chipped 
objects,  however,  was  basalt.  Steatite  was  made  into  pipes,  perforators,  etc. 
Sheets  of  mica  were  made  into  pendants. 

Cireen  stones  of  various  degrees  of  hardness  and  shades  of  color  were  used 
extensively  for  celts.  Professor  James  Purman  Kemp,  of  Columbia  University, 
has  identified  the  specimens  shown  in  Figs.  40-46.     He  says  :  — 

"  Phin  sections  for  microscoiiic  study  were  prepared  of  each,  and  specific 
gravities  were  determined  of  each.  Sections  were  also  pre])ared,  for  comparison, 
of  jades  from  China,  Siberia,  New  Zealand,  and  of  jadeite  from  Thibet. 

"  2^  1'  I  I  '''.'^-  45.1  ""''^'  2  Vi'o  I  ^'^^-  44 1  'i'"'^  apparently  the  same  material.  'Phey 
are  dark  green,  and  have  specific  gravities  of  2.637  and  2.655  respectively. 
These  values  are  too  low  for  jade  |  nephrite  |  or  jadeite.  I  believe  the  investiga- 
tions conducted  by  Dr.  William  Hallock  for  Mr.  II.  R.  Bishop  have  placed  2.90 
as  about  the  lower  limit  for  true  characteristic  jade.  Both  specimens  consist  of 
aggregates  of  small  fibres,  of  about  0.1  mm.  in  length  and  a  fraction  as  wide,  say 
0.02  mm.  'Phey  have  parallel  e.xtinction  between  crossed  nicols,  and  an  axis  of 
least  elasticity  parallel  to  the  elongation.  .,  I^^',  behaves  like  serpentine,  giving 
low  polarization  colors,  such  as  grays;  but  ., )i'/.,  is  brighter,  and  is  rather  active 
for  serpentine.  The  rock  is  certainly  not  jade.  Its  hardness  is  not  too  great  for 
the  upper  limits  of  serpentine.     Some  black  magnetite  is  present  in  jjl^'^. 

"oon  |l*ig.  40J,  si!-,  (Pig.  41  I.  :,,'fln  l^-'-i?-  46|,  and  ,,  j « .j  |  Fig.  43],  all 
fulfil  the  optical  and  physical  tests  for  jade.      Phey  are  fine  felty  aggregates  of 


S'V 


SMITH,  arch^;()1,()(;y  ok  i.ytton,  British  coi.umhia. 


".V? 


minute  rods  with  extinction  angles  up  to  15".  The  specific  gravities  are  those  of 
typical  jade:  viz.,  3 1 5,,  .vol  I  ;  3 JS(,,  2.085  ;  .ino'3-oi4;  uli.v  3-"<o.  They  re- 
semble  Chinese  jade  in  microscopic  characters. 

"ijUJlf  I  Fig.  42)  resembles  in  structure  and  optical  properties  the  four  just 
referred  to,  and  h)oks  just  like  them.  Its  specific  gravity  is,  however,  lower  than 
the  values  obtained  for  the  others,  and  is  2.879.  This  is  not  a  serious  difference, 
but  some  lighter  f<,reign  mineral  may  be  present,  although  not  detected  in  the 
thin  section.     I  believe  the  implement  to  be  jade." 

Tons  of  green  stones  were  seen  along  the  Fraser  and  Thompson  Rivers  in 
this  vicinity.  The  parent  outcrops  are  said  to  be  in  a  creek  tributary  to  the 
Fraser  River,  some  miles  above  Lytton. 

Siliceous  sandstone  of  a  rather  coarse  structure  was  used  for  making  smooth- 
ers for  arrow-shafts,  for  stones  for  grinding  grooves  in  serpentine  in  order  to  cut 
it  into  convenient  forms  for  implements,  and  for  grinding-stones.  Copper  clay 
was  used  for  blue  paint  ;  and  white  calcareous  and  yellow  earths  and  red  ochre, 
for  paint  of  those  respective  colors. 

Of  the  source  of  the  red  ochre.  Dr.  Dawson,'  in  his  '  Notes  on  the  Shuswap 
People  of  British  Columbia,'  writes  as  follows  :  — 

"  There  are  within  the  country  of  the  Shuswaps  three  notable  and  well-known 
localities  from  which  red  ochre  for  paint  was  derived.  One  of  these,  named 
Sht'(y-/:i/'Oic',  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of  Adams  Lake,  five  miles  Irom  the  lower 
end  of  the  lake.  Another,  named  Tsul'-a-mcn,  or  '  red  paint,'  is  the  remarkable 
red  bluff  from  which  the  Vermilion  Forks  of  the  Similkameen  River  is  named, 
the  name  of  the  north  branch,  Tulameen,  representing  the  Indian  word  just 
quoted.  This  bluff  is  about  three  miles  above  the  Forks.  The  third  locality  is 
on  the  Bonaparte,  not  far  above  the  mouth  of  Hat  Creek.  This  has  not  been 
precisely  identified  nor  was  its  name  ascertained. 

"  The  paint-producing  locality  on  Adams  Lake  is  still  widely  known  among 
the  Indians,  and  is  said  to  have  been  resorted  to  from  time  immemorial.  There 
is  here  near  the  beach  a  shallow  cave,  which  has  evidently  been  somewhat  enlarged 
if  not  altogether  formed  by  digging  for  ochre.  It  is  hollowed  along  the  strike  of 
some  soft  pyritous  schists,  kept  damp  by  springs,  and  in  which  the  decomposition 
of  the  pyrites  produces  an  abundance  of  yellow  ochre.  This  is  collected  and 
burnt,  when  it  assumes  a  bright  red  colour.  A  black  shining  mineral  was  also 
used  in  old  times  to  paint  the  face.  This  was  either  micaceous  iron  or  graphite, 
probably  the  former.  My  informant  did  not  know  whence  it  was  obtained,  but 
several  places  from  which  either  mineral  could  be  got  are  now  known." 

Copper  was  made  into  various  objects.  Evidently  it  was  much  used  for  orna- 
ments, such  as  bracelets  (?)  and  anklets  ( ?),  and  for  the  decoration  of  clothing, 
as  indicated  by  the  copper  stain  on  human  bones,  elk-tooth  beads,  and  deiitalium 
shells.  The  copper  may  have  been  obtained  from  the  mountains  north  of  Lytton, 
where  native  copper  occurs. 

'  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada,  Section  II,  1891,  p.  17. 


»34 


SMII'll,  AK(ll.i;(>l.(»(;V  OK    I. VI  ION,   IIKIIISII  ((II  I  \||:|\ 


m 


wt 


Many  evidences  of  the  association  of  animals  witli  man  \v<  ic  ftrnml.  W  hiU; 
it  ma)'  lie  that  sonu'  of  tin:  animals  wliosc  remains  arc  foimd  in  liic  villa^ic  sites 
and  burial-grounds  iliil  not  live  with  the  |)eo|>le,  having  taken  up  their  abodes  in 
these  |ilai.es  after  they  hail  been  d(  serted,  nvnneroiis  worked  and  broken  bonis  and 
teeth  show  that  the  animals  to  whom  they  belonj^cd  must  hase  been  useful  to  the 
prehistoric  iidiabitants  of  l.ytton. 

Hones  of  fooil  animals,  such  as  the  deer,  black  bear,  birds,  and  ("ish,  were 
found  with  the  remains  in  the  villajxe-sites.  When  the  salmon  come  up  the  river 
from  the  ocean  to  spawn,  they  swim  in  such  immense  schools  that  they  are  easily 
dii>ped  out  with  a  hand-net.  Their  bones,  freepiently  found  in  the  old  hearths, 
indicate  the  use  of  this  tish  for  food.  .Shells  of  the  uiiio  were  too  rarely  foimd  to 
indicate  its  use  as  common  food.  The  mountain-goat, — whose  llesh  is  excllent, 
and  from  the  wool  of  which  the  Indians  on  the  lower  p;\rt  of  braser  Kiver  still 
make  blankets, — as  well  as  otluT  game,  is  yet  jjlenlifid  in  this  region  ;  and  although 
its  bones  were  not  found,  it  was  probably  used  for  food,  and  its  wool  may  have 
been  spun  (sei'  p,  I4(>).  The  jaw-bone  of  a  dog  found  on  du;  surface  of  the  sixth 
site  may  have  been  brought  there  since  contact  with  the  whiles,  as  then:  was  no 
proof  of  the  age  of  this  surface  specimen, 

Hone  of  deer  and  other  animals  was  made  into  awls,  scrapers,  adzes  or  chisels, 
needles,  pendants,  knife-handles,  etc.  No  poi  Us  madi;  of  bone,  that  were  suitable 
for  arrows,  were  foimil.  Teeth  of  the  elk  and  of  small  carnivorous  animals  were 
used  for  beads  or  penilants,  Woodcluick-teeth  were;  made  into  dice,  and  beaver- 
teeth  into  points  for  knives.  Antler  was  maile  into  wedges,  har|)oon-|)oints, 
handles  to  digging-sticks,  war-clubs,  and  daggers,  and  was  carved  into  various 
figures.  The  skins  of  animals  were  made  into  garments,  portions  of  which  were 
found  |)reserved  by  the  dry  climate  and  the  accion  of  copper  salts,  liones  of  the 
deer,  bear,  pum.i,  wolf,  beaver,  woodchuck,  and  weasel  indicate  the  possible  use 
of  fine  skin  garments.  Unio  shells  were  made  into  sjjoons ;  and  dentalium  shells 
from  the  Tacific  Ocean,  into  beads  and  tassels,  Little  olivella  shells  with  the 
spires  broken  off  also  served  as  beads.  Large  siiells  (  Pcdcii  cuiiiiitiis)  were  per- 
forated for  pendants  or  rattles,  and  pendants  were  also  made  of  abaloiie  shell. 

The  jiresent  Indians  of  this  ariia  used  dentalium  shells,  which  are  not  im- 
portetl  along  the  .'raser  River,  but  from  the  region  north  of  X'ancouver  Island, 
over  the  moimtains,  down  to  the  u|)per  course  of  the  b'raser  Kiver.  The  trade  in 
these  shells  is  in  the  hands  of  the  Chilcotin,  an  Athapascan  tribe  of  western 
Mritish  Colimibia.  It  is  probable  that  in  prehistoric  times  dentalimn  shells  found 
their  way  to  l.ytton  over  the  same  route.  It  seems  at  least  that  the  use  of  den- 
talium shells  was  much  more  extensive  in  the  interior  than  it  was  in  |)rehistoric 
times  in  the  delta  of  the  I'Vaser  River. 

X'egetable  sul)stances  include  charred  pieces  of  wood  from  the  hearths,  and 
other  charred  fragments  which  had  probably  bi'en  portions  of  canoes,  sticks,  etc., 
that  were  founil  in  various  parts  of  the  village-sites.  Pieces  of  wood  were  found 
wrapped  in  copper,  and  preserved  by  the  action  of  the  copper  salts,  the  whole  be- 


SMini,  ARl'H,i;()|,(JUY  OF    I.VITON,  IIKIIISII  (OMMIIIA 


"35 


irijr  prol.ably  an  (.rnam..-nt  of  some  sort  (s.k;  p.  i6o).  Mi.ch-ljark  cliam-d.  or  pre 
SL-rv('il  l.y  the  dryiirss  of  tlifclimatr,  was  found  in  the  ^r.wv.s  as  lining  or  covering;, 
and  in  liu,'  form  of  rolls.  I'robahly  it  was  also  used  for  dish(-s.  Charri:d  iuTrit's' 
indiidin-  iM^arlxrry  ( .  Intostaphylos ).  w.mo  found  in  the  hearths  ;  and  to  this  day 
edible  roots  are  plentiful  in  the  vicinity.  That  they  were  duK  for  food  is  su).;- 
«ested  by  the  pres(Mice  of  the  iliK«in);-stick  handles.  'Ih<;  serds  of  a  western 
species  of  l.ythospcnnum,  which  may  have  been  used  for  food,  wen-  frecpiently 
found  in  the  hearths;  and  larj^'e  numbers  of  them  wre  sometimes  over  the;  skele- 
tons  in  the  jrraves.  as  if  that  plant  iiad  In-en  iis.cl  as  ;i  coverinjr  f„r  the  l)odies.  A 
kinil  of  j,rum  that  was  founil  in  a  clam-shell  spoon  ami  on  a  bone  handle  for  a  stone 
knife  resembles  that  from  the  (ir  and  pine.  Woven  fabric  of  ve^jelable  fibre,  po.s- 
sibly  s.itrchrusii  bark,  and  portions  of  string'  made  uf  the  bark  of  red  cedar  (  Thii/,t 
X'/X^ir/t/fttJ,  were  found  in  the  jrrave.s. 

////;///;/.-•  <in</  Fis/iiiix' :  /h'^i^/iix  Roots.       Many  implements  used  in  procurini; 
food  were  found.     My  far  the  most  numerous  were  chipped  points  for  arrows 

knives,  and  spears 
of  various  sizes 
and  shapes.  Va- 
r  1  I;  v  of  these  are 
represented  in 
Im.U's.  2  S,  those 
of  tin;  type  shown 
in  l'"ijr.  6  beinjf  the 
m  o  s  t  numerous. 
The  material  com- 
monly used  for 
chip|)ed  points  is 
^r  I  a  s  s  )•  1)  a  s  a  1 1. 
I'ractically  all  the 
smaller  i  m  p  I  e- 
menis  are  made  of 
this  material.  An 
unusually  larj^e 
number  of  fantastic  forms  of  small  chipped 
objects  were  found  here  (Fii^'s  S-i;,).  These 
are  of  th(?  s.ime  material  as  the  other  small 
|)oints.  The  specimens  shown  in  I-'i^s.  14- 
19  were  collected  by  Mr.  J.  1).  Kinir,  of 
Kamloops,  H.  C,  in  uSgi.  and  presented  to  vo^^V^i^;,.  r.m.,i,.. 
the  I'rovincial  Museum  at  Victoria.  Thev  i nl'f  sU'''"'  "^'''i''"""'"'"'-  *■'"««* ™*'"i-«-i^,nhthr. 
resemble   sjjecimens    found   at    Lylton,      In 

the  work    of  the   Jesup   Expedition    such  e.xtremely    fantastic   points    we:e    not 
found  at   Kamloops.     The  larije  i)oint  of  translucent  brown  chalcedony  shown 


Chiiipeti  Points.     \  nat.  si/c. 

V\ti.  J  <i|:;n.(i.  Iiiipuri-  Cli.il.edui 
with  Hnikcii  H.ise.     Ko(nniiiic-\iMv,ilii 

tin-  i  111?.'.  Aruillitc.  I'l.iiiiil 
Br.lve,  t)  feet  tlceji. 


f''K   4  Kig.  s 

Ki,;.^  1,15,1,      Cliipiicd  .Aruillitc.laiiliril  with  Kcil   I'.iint. 


136 


SMITH,  ARCH/KOLOGY  OF   LYTTON.  BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 


B*!- 


in  Fig.  5  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  chipped  implements  found,  and  repre- 
sents a  high  development  of  this  art.     The  small  implements  of  chipped  glassy 

basalt  shown  in  Figs.  8-13  also  furnish  evidence  of 
considerable  skill.  It  is  remarkable  that  no  rubbed 
stone  points  for  arrows  or  spears,  such  as  are  nu- 
merous on  the  coast,  were  found,  although  rubbed 
fish-knives  are  quite  common,  and  one  rubbed 
slate  point  was  obtained  at  Kamloops,  ninety-five 
miles  above  Lytton  in  the  Thompson  valley. 

The  edges  of  the  specimens  seen  in  Figs.  2, 
3,  and  5  are  smooth.  The  specimen  pictured  in 
Fig.  2  also  shows  a  polish  on  the  ridges  made  by 
chipping.  In  the  other  two,  the  edge  of  that  part 
which  one  would  expect  to  be  covered  by  a  shaft 
or  handle  is  smooth  ;  and  the  jagged  edge  at  the 
point  of  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  5  is  very  much 
rounded.  If  this  smoothness  had  been  caused  by 
the  blowiiii,'  sand  after  the  shafts  had  rotted  away,  or  by  the  natural  disintegra- 
tion of  the  stone,  it  would  have  extended  over  the  whole  surface. 


Fig.  6  Fig.  7 

Chipped  Points  of  OLlssy  R.isalt.    i  nat.  size. 

Fig.  6  (.J^irt).     Found  in  Kr.ive. 

.   Fit.   7  (iJSju). 
islicd  state. 


Found  un  surface,  in   unfni- 


Fig.  8  Fig,  q  Fig.  to  Fig.  ii  Fig.  12 

Fantastic  Forms  chipped  from  Glassy  llasalt.     N.it.  size. 
Fit;.  S  (sigst.     Dauhed  with  red  ochre.     Found  on  surface. 
Fig,  i)(il8s«),  Fig,  ioC]|3]>,  Fig,  11  (j|8(i.  Fig.  iziji},,!,  Fig.  i3(i|8il.     Found  in  e.vcavaling. 


Fig.  13 


Fig.i4(i)8i>  Fig.i5(g76)  Fig.  16  fqgo)  Fig.l7{()8gl  Fig.  18  CijSfi)  Fig.  n>  (984! 

Fant.isiic  F'orms  chipped  from  Glassy  Itasalt.    j|  nat.  size.     I.ytton  or  Kamloops. 
(From  drawings,  Ity  Miss  F..  H.  Woods,  of  specimens  in  the  Provincial  Museum,  Victoria,  IJ.  C.) 

The  Indians  now  living  in  the  valley  of  the  Thompson  River,  near  Lytton, 
still  possess  the  art  of  chipping  small  stone  arrow-points.     To  obtain  the  basalt 


;IA. 

»d,  and  repre- 
hipped  glassy 
sh  evidence  of 
;hat  no  rubbed 
ach  as  are  nu- 
:hough  rubbed 
\  one  rubbed 
ps,  ninety-five 
n  valley. 
;en  in  Figs.  2, 
;n  pictured  in 
dges  made  by 
[e  of  that  part 
:red  by  a  shaft 
d  edge  at  the 
is  very  much 
een  caused  by 
ral  disintegra- 


Flg.  13 


near  Lytton, 
ain  the  basalt 


SN[ITH,  ARCH/KOI.OGY  OF   LYTTON.  liRITISH  COLUMBIA.  i^j 

they  make  journeys  up  the  mountains,  where  they  break  it  fresh  from  the  quarry 
"1  which  state  tliey  claim  that  it  can  be  worked  more  easily  than  the  material 
somcf  mcs  obtained  by  breaking  up  the  large  chipped  points  found  in  the  vicinity. 
1  hese  they  believe  were  made  by  the  raven  before  there  were  men  on  the  earth 
and  they  call  them  "  raven  arrows."  Thus  it  would  seem  that  at  least  the  large 
pomts  were  not  made  by  the  last  few  generations  of  the  present  tribe  of  Indians. 

Two  harpoon-points  of  the 
type  shown  in  Fig.  20,  made  of 
antler,  were  found.  Each  point  had 
two  barbs  on  one  side ;  and  the 
base,  which  was  slightly  wedge- 
shaped,  was  perforated.     This  por- 


^SP^ 


!■  ie.  JO  I J  J8 
i  nat,  size. 


Harpnin-l'.iini,  ii,;„lc-  „f  Aiiiler.    l-oiinj 


tion  of  the  specimen  figured  was  stained,  and 

better  preserved    than  the  rest  of  the  imple- 
ment, as  if  it  had  been  protected  by  a  handle 

extending   about    half-way   to  the  first    barb. 

The    perforations    in    both    specimens    were 

elliptical,   as  if  they  had  been  cut  instead   of 

drilled,  and  did  not  seem  to  be  worn,  as  by  a 

thong  passing    through  them.     The  butt-end 

may  have  been   inserted  in  the  handle  and  a 

string  attached  through  the  hole,  so  that  when 

an  animal  was  speared  the  i)oint  would  come 

out   of  the  handle,  but  the  animal  would  be 

held  by  the  string.     This  would  tend  to  wear 

the  hole  in  a  direction  away  from  the  barbs. 

In  one  specimen  the  hole  is  very  close  to  the 
base,  so  that  to  fasten  it  to  a  handle,  leaving  the 
hole  free  for  a  string,  would  be  difficult.  In  this 
case  the  base  need  not  be  wedge-shaped  beyond  the 
hole,  as  in  the  figured  specimen.  However,  the  a.xis 
of  the  elliptical  hole  extends  diagonally  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  barbs.  Possibly  these  points  may  have 
been  inserted  quite  a  distance  into  the  handle,  and 
fastened  there  by  a  ri\et,  i)ut  there  is  no  trace  of 
such  a  rivet.  In  the  latter  case  th,:  wedge-shaped 
base  extending  far  up  the  shaft  would  facil'itate  fast- 
ening it  firmly. 

It  is  probable,  although  there  is  no  direct  evi- 
dence, that  traps  of  various  kinds  wcic  used  for 
catching  some  of  the  small  animals  wl;ose  bones  were 
so  abundant  in  the  excavations. 

I'or  gathering  edible  roots  the  natives  now  use  digging-sticks 


Fig.  21 
rig,   31   (,)%!.      Il.imlle  of  IlicKinc. 

Stick,   iiia.l.-  o(  Aiiili-.-.     FoumI  „i,  siir- 

fact,  6th  site,     j  iial.  size. 
Fig.  aid.     Reverse  Side  of  Tip 


The  handle 


I 


>:,« 


SMllir,  ARCH^-OI.OGY  OF    TA'TION,  HRITISH  COl.UMHIA. 


of  such  a  stick  is  usually  a  piece  of  boiK;,  antler,  or  wootl,  perforated  in  the  micklle 
for  receivinjr  the  butt  of  the  di<j^in,>f-stick.  A  handle  of  this  kind  ( l'"\^.  21 )  was 
found  on  the  surface  of  the  sixth  site.  It  is  made  of  part  of  an  elk-antler,  but 
slijrhtly  changed  from  the  nal'-'ral  form  by  scraping  or  rubbing.  The  perforation, 
which  is  not  exactly  circular,  has  been  worn  down  to  an  elliptical  shape,  probably 
by  the  rubbing  of  the  digging-stick  when  in  use.  It  is  of  conical  shape,  so  that 
it  would  hold  the  stick  the  more  firmly,  the  harder  the  downward  pressure  in 
iligging.  The  small  end  of  this  tapering  hole  is  at  the  top  or  decorated  surface 
of  the  handli',  and  the  large  end  is  below. 


Hl:. 


Kiii.  J.} 


^•i^.  n  Kin    '5  Kii;. 

Stone  I'cslles  nr  Haiiiiiicrs.     J  nat.  si^e. 
Vig.  J2  ts^'.lul,  Ki^;.  2),  Ijilifli.     .Made  nf  Diuritii:  K-.ck.     Kniinil  nil  surface.        Fii;.  i^  (  ji"i'-     K"""''  "ii  surface,  filh  site. 
ri«.  J4  laisflt-     M.'de  itf  Serpentine,     l-'uiimi  in  yrave.  i^  feet  ilcep. 


'1 


Fin.  a6  tailor'.  I"i»;.  ^7  '.j'.",'".     Foiliul  un  surface. 


Preparation  of  Food.  —  Pestles  or  hammers  (Figs.  22-31 )  served  for  crushing 
dried  meat,  berries,  and  other  food.     They  are  of  various  shapes,  made  usually 

from  fine-grained,  tough 
river  pebbles,  and  many  are 
much  weatliered.  Some  are 
simply  cylindrical,  in  which 
case  they  are  usually  but 
slightly  ciiaiiged  from  the 
natural  pebble  by  a  little 
pecking  or  rubbing.  One 
([uart/ite  specimen  ( l'"ig. 
29)  has  a  cylindrical  heail, 
and  tile  part  by  wiiich  it 
is  held  is  narnnver  and 
sonif.'what  tapering.  The 
wholf^  pestle  is  sligiuly  IliU- 
tened. 


Wi.  2; 


Ik.  2:  l-i«.  i. 

Stone  i'esllcsor  llaiiiincrs.     {  n.it 
,t.      I'liiimi  nil  siirf.icf.  fitli  sitt?. 


The  typical  j)cstle  of  Lytton  has  a  welltlefined  head,  larger  than  the  tajiering 
body,  the  sides  of  which  meet  the  base  a'  nearly  right  angles,  as  is  shown  in  iMgs. 


SMITH,  akch<1';oi,oc;y  ok  i.ytton,  uritish  coi.umhia. 


';i9 


.  I'lK-    iJ  tjloa'.     Mnriar  iir   Anvil.     Fmnid  «in  siirf.ice,     j  iiat 


23,  24,  and  27.  The  prevailinjr  form  of  knob  for  the  handle  of  this  type  is  hat- 
slia]K-d.  A  specimen  with  conoid  knob  is  shown  in  l''ijr.  25.  The  pestle  shown 
in  iMij;.  ;,o  is  simply  a  natural  water-worn  pebble  of  dark-jrreen,  fine-grained  chlo- 
ritic  diorite,  whicli  has  been  trimmed  here  and  there  by  pecking.  These  pestles 
seem  to  have  been  used  for  rubbing  as  well  as  for  pounding.  One  of  them,  a 
fine-grained  schistose  gnei.ss  (Fig.  31),  shows  no  evidence  of  having  bc'-n  used  for 
pounding,  but  its  corners  and  base  are  rubbed  snK)oth. 

Oval  bowlders  were  frequently  seen  scattered  on  the  surface  of  the  village- 
sites.  Their  predominance  over  other 
forms,  and  their  great  numbers  as  con- 
trasted with  their  scarcity  at  other  locali- 
ties, peem  to  indicate  that  they  were  of 
special  value  in  camp.  Their  size  varies 
from  that  of  an  ordinary  hammer-stone 
to  a  foot  in  diameter.  The  larger  ones 
were  most  likely  used  as  anvils,  or  for 
crushing  food  upon  large  hand-mills. 
Some  of  the  larger  and  more  irregular 
bowlders,  such  as  the  greenstone  specimen 
shown  in  Fig.  32,  have  a  shallow  depres- 
sion pecked  in  one  side,  indicating  their 
use  as  shallow  mortars  or  anvils. 

Large  flat  pieces  of  coarse  siliceous  sandstone  were  found,  which  were  prob- 
ably iiand-mills  ui)op  which  to  crush  berries,  dried  meat,  and  other  food.     They 

show  considerable  wear. 
Tht;  one  seen  in  F'ig. 
33,  whicii  is  rubbed  on 
both  sides,  is  twenty- 
five  inciies  in  length 
by  fourteen  inches  in 
breadth,  and  an  inch 
and  a  half  in  thickness. 
.Smaller  pieces  are  fre- 
([iiently  found.  They 
are  similar  to  tliis  large; 
specimen,  and  ore  prob- 
al)ly  fragments  of  such 
sJaljs.  W'hen  an  ob- 
ject of  this  kind  was 
broken,  some  fragments 
may  hav(;  been  used  as  whetstones  or  for  grinding;  others  were  worked  to  a 
rounded  or  wedgc-sliaped  edge  (Fig.  47),  and  used  for  cutting  serpentine  bowl- 
ders, out  of  which  many  implements  were  made. 


■^'i 


.'v-aft' 


ky- 


'•'U.  .H  'ai'^,1*.     Kulihcd  S.iiulstonc  Sluh.     F.uiiul  .m  siirf.icc.     Abmit  \  ii.u.  sue. 


140 


SMITH,  ARCH/KOLOC;V  OF  LYTI'ON,  BRl  TISH  COLUMBIA. 


Fie.  34  (n\ti).    slate  Fish-Kiiifc. 
I J  feel  deep.     ^  nal.  sii-e. 


Koimd  in  cyclic  in  Rravc, 


<asi^ 


I'iB.  35  <iJ«7*.  Clam-sliell 
Spoiin,  daubed  witli  Gum. 
Kiiiind  iii^rave.    )  nat.  size. 


Slate  knives  were  discovered  in  excavating  graves  and  hearths.  They  are 
similar  in  form  to  those  now  used  on  the  coast  for  cutting  up  fish.  The  specimen 
shown  in  Fig.  34  was  found  in  a  cache  of  implements  at  the  side  of  a  skeleton,  in 
a  grave  a  foot  and  a  half  deep,  at  the  main  burial-place.     Several  rubbed  places 

show  on  its  flat  surface, 
caused  perhaps  by  its  use  as 
a  whetstone.  Stains  along 
the  straight  edge  on  both 
sides  probably  indicate  the 
position  of  a  handle  that 
has  rotted  away.  A  bone 
handle  of  the  kind  found  on 
the  coast  would  have  been 
well  preserved  in  this  dry 
climate. 

A  spoon  (Fig.  35)  made 
from  the  shell  of  a  unio  was 
found  in  one  of  the  graves. 
It  was  the  only  spoon-like  object  discovered,  and  was  partly  filled  with  a  gum 
resembling  that  from  the  pine  of  the  neighborhood. 

Food  was  probably  cookrd  by  roasting  before  an  open  fire,  i  \  baking  or 
steaming  in  a  hole  in  the  ground,  in  which  it  was  placed  and  covered  with  leaves 
and  ashes,  and  also  by  boiling.  The  last  is  accomplished  by  dropping  hot  stones 
into  ba.skets  or  boxes  containing  the  food  to  be  boiled.  No  pottery  is  found  in 
this  region  ;  but  many  pebbles,  that  may  have  been  heated  and  dropped  into  the 
basket,  are  found  here  and  there  about  the  village-sites ;  and  great  piles  of  soot- 
covered  pebbles,  and  others  that  have  been  broker,  and  crackled  by  means  of 
heat  and  subsequent  plunging  into  water,  are  fount,  scattered  over  the  village- 
sites  and  in  the  hearths.  In  some  places  the  hearth-sites  are  marked  by  little 
conical  piles  of  sand,  held  in  place  by  quantities  of  these  sooty  and  crackled 
pebbles. 

Habitations.  —  The  houses  of  the  prehistoric  people  of  Lytton  were  similar  to 
those  used  by  the  Indians  up  to  recent  times.  This  is  evident  from  the  large 
number  of  ancient  house-p'ts  at  all  of  the  sites  explored. 

The  Thompson  River  Indians,  who  inhabit  this  area  at  the  present  time,  used 
to  live  in  underground  lodges.  This  lodge  is  made  by  digging  a  circular  hole  in 
tlie  ground,  and  erecting  over  it  a  framework  of  timbers  shaped  like  a  cottage 
roof.  These  timbers  are  covered  with  fir-boughs  and  earth.  Since  there  is  but 
little  rain,  a  roof  of  this  kind  offers  sufficient  protection.  An  opening  is  left  in 
tile  centre  to  serve  not  only  as  a  chimney  and  window,  but  also  as  a  door.  A 
notched  log  —  one  end  resting  on  the  middle  of  the  floor,  the  other  projecting 
from  this  opening  —  serves  as  a  ladder,  and  constitutes  the  only  means  of  entering 
the  house. 


SMITH,  ARCH.1X)I.0(JY  OK    I,V  1  TON,  BRITISH  CXJI.UMIUA. 


141 


When  one  of  these  houses  goes  to  ruin,  the  circular  pit  is  partly  filletl,  but 
not  enough  to  be  entirely  obliteratcJ.  It  remains  as  a  depression  surrounded  by 
a  sli*^^  ridge.  This  ridge  is  composed  of  the  earth  and  decomposed  timbers  of 
the  roof.  When  the  house  is  abandoned,  much  of  the  earth  covering  the  roof 
slides  down  to  the  margin  of  the  hole,  where  it  accumulates,  while  the  thin  layer 
left  on  the  roof  only  partly  fills  the  room.  Under  the  space  where  the  composite 
door,  window,  and  chimney  was,  the  hole  is  left  about  as  deep  as  ever,  but  may  be 
partly  filled  willi  ih'bris  blown  in  by  the  wind. 

A  good  example  of  a  prehistoric  house-pit  or  depression,  where  an  under- 
ground house  had  once  been,  was  found  at  the  northern  end  of  the  main  village- 
site,  and  is  shown  in  the  foreground  of  Plate  XIII  (Fig.  2).  It  is  nearly  circular,  its 
longest  diameter  from  the  inside  edges  measuring  thirty-nine  feet,  while  the  shortest 
diameter  is  thirty-seven  feet.  The  corresponding  measurements  trom  the  outer 
eilges  of  the  surrounding  ridge  are  fifty-three  feet  and  forty-nine  feet.  The  bank 
between  the  points  where  these  measurements  were  taken  is  from  twenty  to  thirty 
inches  above  the  level  of  the  ground,  and  the  depth  of  the  hole  at  the  centre  is 
approximately  six  feet. 

Tools.  —  Numerous  wedges  made  of  elk-antler  were  obtained,  which  must  have 
jjeen  very  efficient  for  splitting  timbers  in  the  building  of  houses,  for  cutting  fire- 
wood, and  for  general  carpentry  work. 
These  wedges  were  found  in  the  excava- 
tions (Fig.  36)  and  upon  the  surface  (Fig. 
37).  They  are  usually  made  from  the 
large  part  of  an  eik-antler,  near  its  base, 
and  cut  off  diagonally  across.  Some 
wedges  which  may  have  been  used  for 
special  purposes  are  made  of  curved  pieces 
of  antler.  They  resemble  in  shape  the 
curved  wedges  of  the  canoe-builder  of  the  coast  Indians.  The  heads  of  some  of 
the  wedges  are  bruised  and  slivered  by  being  driven  with  a  stone  pestle  or  maul. 
T.ie  use  of  a  pestle  for  driving  wedges  gives  it  a  concave  base  (Fig.  27)  or  one 

with  a  hollow  in  it. 
Rubbing  tends  to 
form  a  convex  base. 
Some  of  the  speci- 
mens have  convex 
bases  with  a  hollow 
in  the  centre.  It 
seems  probable  that 
pestles  were  u  s  e  d 
for  a  variety  of  pur- 

u>l  WtJijc  111. lilt  "f  AiitliT.     Kniiiul  1.11  surf.ici:.     S  ii.il.  sue. 

poses. 
Tlie  common  deeply-pitted  hammer-stone  was  not  fou-.d  at  this  locality  ;  but 


rili.  j'ijl'isAi.    \VcJ^cm,^Jo..l  Aiilk-r.     Fimiul  in  cxcuvatiiiB. 
5  nal.  si/e. 


tiK-  .17  ' 


Cuf. 


\\2 


SMirn,  ARCll.KOI.OC.Y  OK    I.YI'TON,   HRITISH  COLUMBIA. 


stdiK;  hammers  or  mauls  were  secured,  that  probably  had  been  haftcd  in  some 
way,  ami  used  on  both  ends.  The  n;ranite  si)ccinien  shown  in  V\^.  38  has  a  slight 
])it  on  either  siiic,  and  the  two  ends  are  battereil.  One  small  granite  |)ebble 
(  b'ig,  39)  has  a  groove  which  extends  nearly  around  it,  and  which,  if  continued, 
would  form  a  spiral.  There  is  no  evidence  of  its  use  as  a  hammer-stone.  It 
may  have  bci'ii  a  sinki.T,  or  it  may  have  been  covered  with  skin  or  other  material 
and  used  as  a  club-head.  In  the  latter  case  the  tendency  of  the  groove  to  a  spiral 
form  woulil  allow  a  withe  to  be  firmly  attached. 


^■iS■  3Q 


l-iK.  .18 

^>fi-  38  (lirtTAl.  Stone  M.iiiimrr.  Found  on  surfiicc.  '^  nnt. 
si/e. 

Fin.  j'>(noSi>.  drooved  Stone  Hammer  ht  Cliil,-Heatl.  Fotinil 
on  stirnicc,     f  nat.  size. 


Fi^.  40  Fig.  41 

Cflts  made  of  Nephrite      \  n;»t.  size. 
Fin.  40<s4Vi'.  F'B-  4^  'bJ8iI.     Fi.iiml  in  grave. 
Fin.  41  (aiSni.     Fi>iiiui  in  >;rave,  unrlcr  left  knee. 


Tile  coast  Indians  use  celts  mounted  as  adzes  for  firishing  the  boards  that 
lave  been  split  with  wedges.  Until  recently  these  celts  were  made  of  stone, 
I'hose  found  at  Lytton  are  made  of  light-green  translucent  material,   and  vary 

in  size  from  more  than  four  inches  in  length  by  an 
inch  and  a  half  in  width  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in 
thickness,  to  scarcely  an  inch  in  length  with  other 
dimensions  in  relative  proportion.'  On  some, 
sucii  as  those  shown  in  Mgs.  40,  41,  and  42,  the 
grooves  which  were  made  in  cutting  them  out  of 
the  blocks  of  raw  material  still  show  slightly. 
Other  s|jeciniens  have  been  polished  until  no  trace 
of  these  grooves  remains.  One  celt  ( I'ig.  43)  was 
simply  made  from  a  flake  of  nephrite  struck  from  a 
bowlder,  the  wedge-shaped  tlake  being  but  slightly 
rul)bed  on  the  edge  until  it  became  a  sharp,  tine- 
cutting  implement.  Save  for  this  edge  antl  a 
rubbed  surface  here  and  there,  it  resembled  a  nat- 
ural Hake  from  a  bowlder. 
These  celts  were  made  from  bowlders  of  greenstone  secured  along  the  river- 


Fi;,  11  I  ,]■;,'.      I'oll   in...lc  ol   a    Flal,i-  from 
Ncplirile  ilo\Jder.     I'lmml  on  ^nrf.ice.     .\at.si/i 


'  Scu  p.  132  fur  disctission  ol  thf  iialttre  of  tlit;  iDiitL'ritil. 


SMITH,  ARCH.KOI.OdY  OK    I.YT'ION,   BRITISH  COI.UMHIA. 


'43 


n  some 
a  slijrlit 

•ntimic'tl, 

one.     It 

material 

a  spiral 


bank.  A  series  of  specimens  will  illustrate  their  method  of  mamifacliire.  Grooves 
were  first  ground  or  ruii'cd  into  the  bowlders.  In  some  the  grooves  had  been 
rubbed  from  both  sides  intil  a  portion  was  nearly  cut  off,  after  which  it  had  been 


Fig- 44  (9&?9>-    Serpentine  ll'>wlilcr  frotii  which  Pieces  have  lieen  detached.     Pound  nn 
surface.     (  li.it.  size. 

broken  away  (Figs,  44,  45).  Such  selvage  pieces  (Fig.  46)  broken  off  from  large 
bowlders  were  found.  A  number  of  finished  celts  show  this  break  along  one  or 
both  edges.  I-'ragnients  of  siliceous  sandstones  with  bevelled  edges  (Fig.  47) 
which  fit  these  grooves  were  obtained.  They  are  evidently  the  saws  or  grinders 
used  for  cutting  the  grooves.  It  has  been  suggested  that  bowlilers  ma)'  have 
been  cut  by  means  of  a  string  and  sand,  but  the  character  of  some  of  the  grooves 
does  not  favor  this  theory.  In  many  of  the  specimens  strire  ma)'  be  seen  parallel 
to  the  deepest  part  of  the  trough,  which  show  tliat  the  cutting-implement  was 
mo\ed  in  that  direction.  .A  string  and  sand  would  produce  slri;e  of  this  kind,  and 
a  convex  groove,  /.  c,  one  higher  in  the  middle  than  at  the  entls.  The  grooves 
in  a  number  of  specimens,  such  as  the 
lower  groove  in  Fig.  45,  are,  however,  con- 


Fig.  46  (.Hoj.   _  Nephrite  cut  from  a  llowldcr.     Found 

in  grave.     \  nat,  size. 


I''H-  4i  '."'.Vil.      StTiit'iiiinc  r.nwliler  frm 
detiicheil.     Keuinl  mi  siirf.ii.'e.     |  iiat.  sixc. 


A'tiich  Pieces  have  been 


7    'jl:;„Ai.     (iriniliii>;-SiMiif.      I\  uiul   on 
^  I'l.it.  si/f. 


cave,  /.  i:,  deeper  in  the  middle  than  they  are  at  the  ends.  A  string  and  sand 
cannot  produce  grooves  of  this  kind.  The  use  of  a  grinding-stone  or  of  sand  on 
a  flat  piece  of  wood,  the  edge  of  which  would  take  the  place  of  the  grinding-stone, 
or  of  (juartz  crystals  as  suggested  by  Dr.  Dawson,'   might  produce  ijoth  concave 

'    rnllls.icliDns  iif  the  Kiijal  Siitiily  i)f  Caimila,  Setliun  II,  iSijl,  p.  U). 


144 


SMITH,  ARCIl/KOLOGY  OK   LYITON,  URITISH  COI.UMHIA. 


and  convex  grooves.  Grooves  of  the  latter  kintl  are  shown  in  Fij(.  44,  while  both 
kinds  may  be  noticed  in  the  bowlder  shown  in  Fig.  45.  Large  (|uartz  crystals, 
which  are  not  very  numerous,  show  little  or  no  signs  of  use,  such  as  one  might 
expect  if  they  had  been  employed  for  cutting  grooves  ;  besides  this,  they  are  so 
few  in  number,  as  compared  to  the  cut  specimens,  that  their  use  as  cutting-tools 
seems  improbable.  On  the  other  hand,  the  bevelled  gritstones  were  found  in 
numbers  that  suggest  their  frequent  use  as  cutting-tools, 

The  grinding-stones,  as  suggested  before,  seem  to  have  been  fragments  of 
large  slabs,  and  are  all  of  coarse  siliceous  sandstone.  They  are  rough  frag- 
ments, one  edge  of  which  has  been  rounded  or  bevelled,  either  purposely  for 
cutting  grooves  by  means  of  which  to  saw  up  blocks  of  stone,  or  accidentally 
as  a  result  of  rubbing.  One  specimen  was  rounded  on  two  adjacent  edges. 
The  rounded  surfaces  of  all  the  specimens  are  slightly  striated  parallel  to  the 
bevelled  edge. 

Whetstones,  probably  for  sharpening  celts,  slate  knives,  etc., 
were  made  of  fine-grained  schist.  These  were  of  frequent  oc- 
currence, and  were  usually  found  in  a  group  of  implements  in 
graves  at  tlie  main  burial-place.  The  specimen  shown  in  I'ig. 
48  was  daubed  with  red  ochre,  and  found  with  the  slate  knife 

pictured  in  Fig.  34. 

Hlades   for   small    knives   (I'ig.  49), 

probably  used  in  wood-carving,  were  made 

from  beaver-teetli.     The  posterior  side  of 

the  long  curved  tooth  has  been  cut  off, 

which  makes  the  tool  thinner.     The  natu- 
ral cutting-edge  of  the  tooth  serves  as  an 

excellent  carving-instrument.    The  base  is 

rounded,  and  was  probably  inserted  in  a 

handle. 

A  knife-handle  made  of  the  rib-bone 

of  some  large  animal  (big.  50)  was  found 

in  a  grave  with  fragments  of  glassy  basalt, 
one  of  which  may  have  served  as  the  blade.  The 
end  into  which  the  blade  was  inserted  is  covered  in 
places  with  gum  similar  to  that  of  the  pine.  This 
was  probably  used  in  securmgthe  blade  to  the  handle. 
Tiiere  are  twelve  notches  or  tally-marks  along  the 
side,  nearly  obliterated  by  wear.  The  chipped  point  \^ 
of  glassy  basalt  figured  with  this  bone  handle,  al-  '"; 
though  found  on  the  surface  apart  from  it,  shows  how 
well  adapted  the  handle  is  to  the  common  forms  of  stone  points. 

l-'ig.  51  shows  the  tip  of  an  antler  with  a  thin  cutting-edge,  and  may  have  been 
used  for  basket-plaiting.     The  antler  bar  seen  in  Fig.  52  is  slightly  thinner  at  its 


In  a  il  c  f  r  II  in  ;< 
lieaver-loolh, 
Kimnii  nil  siir 
fact'.     Nat.  st/e 


m 


f,m 


I-  11:.  3"  '  lUrt. 
Knifr-II.MMlle  iii.iilf 
nt  H..IK-.  F.uituI  i  n 
j;r;ivc.     '^  ilat.  sue. 

Point  Clip  A  Kmfe,  nr 
.Arriiw-l'iiirit.  Kimiui 
nil    surfiuf.      ?.    ii;it. 


SMITH,  ARCH.'l'.OI.OC.Y  OF    l,\  TTON,  HRlllSH  (OI.IJMIIIA. 


145 


5"  '.SbtI. 
.iimIIl'  ma  lie 
I'niiiul  i  n 
\  itat.  sur. 
5™  (.j,',S„lll. 
p  ii  Kmfe,  nr 
oint.  l-'iiiiiu) 
lie.      3    ii:it. 


upper  end,  but  it  does  not  present  any  cutting-edges.  It  has  been  made  from  the 
outer  shell  of  a  large  piece  of  antler.  The  next  specimen  (I'ig.  53)  is  the  small 
tip  of  an  antler,  the  lower  end  of  which  is  worked  to  a  gouge  siiape.  Its  use  is 
tloubtful. 

The  bone  chisel  or  adze  (Fig.  54)  was  found  with  other  objects  by  the  side 
of  one  of  the  skeletons,  The  ciiipped  objects  of  glassy  basalt  (I'igs. 
II,  12,  and  19)  may  have  been  used  for  sawing  or  scraping,  and  the 
specimen  of  the  same  material  shown  in  Fig.  13  could  well  have 
served  for  a  drill. 

The  uses  of  the  spatulate  object  made  of  antler  (I'ig.  5?)  ''ind 
of  the  barbed  and  notched  object  (Fig.  56)  are  undetermined.  The 
former  may  also  have  been  useful  in  basket-plaiting.  Being  only 
about  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  it  closely  resembles  a 
paper-cutter,  and  is  well 
finished.  The  latter  im- 
plement is  also  nicely 
made,  and  is  remarkable 
on  account  of  its  orna- 
mental  notches. 


m 


ii 


■;  , 


Ol)jccts  rii.itlc  of  .\iitle!.     i  11. it   s'iik. 
Ki>i.  -,i  'gj^i.  KiR.  5.\  'jii'i*.     !■■'■"""'  ■"  «ravf. 
I'i^'-  S-'  'ailio'-      Kniiiul  (.11  siirf;icc. 


<ir  C'hisel  rnatle  oi 
the  Amcritir  Meta- 
pnJial  of  an  Klk  i?i 
Fmiul  in  grave,  i 
x\M.  size. 


Fi«.  56 


Fig.  55 

Fig.  S5  <3Via'.  Si,.itnl..u-  Object 
n'adc  nf  Antler.  Fi-himI  hi  uravi-.  J 
imt.  si/c. 

Fig.  s'llaiii'.  Ol'ject  m;iil<Mif  Ant- 
ler.    F.iuiiitin  yrave,     J  ntt.  si/e. 


Pairs  of  coarse  siliceous  sandstone  implements,  sometimes  daubed  with  red 
ochre  (I-ig.  57).  were  frequently  found  in  the  graves,  and  scattered  among  the 
traces  of  hearths  and  village-sites.  In  general  these  reseml)le  tin;  arrow-shaft 
smoothers  found  in  other  parts  of  the  continent.  They  have  the  form  of  a  lialf- 
cylinder  with  a  groove  extending  the  length  of  the  Hat  side.  When  a  pair  of 
these  are  placed'with  tlieir  grooved  faces  together,  they  form  a  cyhnder  about  six 


146 


SMITH,  ARCII.K()I,()(;V  OI'    I.YiroN,  HKITISM  COI.UMIllA. 


l-'ili-57ljJ8.)-     Pair  ..f(iro, 
In  ^rave.     \  nat.  sue. 


SrLtiiiii  <jf  ( tronveit  Stiines 
in  Ku.  57. 


inchfs    in    Icnjjth,    an    inch    and   a    half   in    diameter,  and  with  a  central   bore 
a  (luartcr  of  an  inch  in  diameter  (I''iJ,^  5.S). 

If  the  implements  were  tijiihtly  prasped  in 
the  right  hand,  the  thumi)  and  finjrers  would 
cause  the  top  of  the  upper  piece  to  pivot 
slightly  to  the  left.  Such  has  eviilently  heen 
the  case,  as  the  grooves  in  nearly  all  the  speci- 
mens trend  slightly  from  right  to  left,  and  the 
lower  right  corner  corresponds  with  the  ui)per 
left  in  being  worn  awa)'  more  tlian  theo|)|)osite 
corners.  Held  in  such  a  po- 
sition, and  with  the  grooves 
fittt'd  to  an  arrow-shaft,  tluty 
would  serve  well,  not  only 
to  smooth  the  shaft  in  the 
same  way  as  when  sand- 
paper is  used,  but  also  to 
straighten  it. 

The  perforated  slate  disk 
shown  in  I'ig.  59  was  proba- 
bly a  spindle-whorl.  It  suggests  that  the  wool  of  the  mountain-goat  was  spun  and 
woven  into  blankets,  as  is  done  by  the  coast  Indians,  who  formerly  used  dog-hair  and 
feathers  for  the  warp  in  weaving  such  blankets;  or  it  may  have  been  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  fabrics  from  the  bark  of  the  sagebrush,  which  has  been  extensively 
employed  in  weaving  by  the  Indians  of  the  Thompson  River  valley,  and  by  the 
prehistoric  people  of  .Spences  Bridge  and  Kamloops,  which  are  within  the  same  area. 
Small  i)iecesof  woven  fabric,  probably  made  of  sagebrush-bark,  liave  also  been  found 
at  Lytton.  This  slatedisk  was  found  in  a  grave  at 
Lytton,  and  presented  to  the  Provincial  Museum 
at  Victoria,  li.  C,  by  Mr.  F.  M.  Stevenson.  It  is 
about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  the 
perforation  was  drilled  from  both  sides,  tapering 
towards  the  centre,  yet  not  so  much  as  to  pre- 
vent the  whorl  from  being  held  to  a  spindle. 

Some  fragments  of  skin,  which  were  evi- 
dently portions  of  blankets  or  garments,  were 
preserved  by  the  dry  climate  and  the  action  of 
copper  salts.  A  considerable  series  of  specimens 
was  secured,  which  suggest  the  preparation  of 
skins    and    their    manufacture    into    garments.     „,.. 

..  I  t  1  r  ,1  1         Nliss  K.  H.  Wcmils,  ot  a  suetinifii  in  tlit;   I'mviiicial 

Scrapers  and  awls  made  ot  stone  and  bone,  and     Mnstum.  vict,.ria,  11.  o 
bone  neeiUes,  belong  to  this  series. 

.Skin-scrapers  were  made  of  quartzite  pebbles  (Fig.  60),  which  occur  in  great 


SMITH,  AKCII  i.Ol.ndV  Ol'    l.YITON.  HRIIISII  {OI.UMHIA. 


'47 


nnrc 


y\f,,  &.  Kill,  III  Kin  '"  •■''«■  ''J 

Sla«c«  i.f  M.iciuf.irlurc  c,f  Skin-Scr.ipiT.     Kmiml  mi  »iirfa.:c.     1  lial.  '<f 
Ki«.  r>i  I  lUi  \  I.    <;imrl»ice  I'l-Wili-. 

KiK.'.il,jMA'.  Kii!  (.J'.l'irAi.     KhiU-»  (r..n,  (Juarl.iir  IVhl.lf. 
Kin.  6j  iiiJiAI.     Skili-StraptT  iu.kIc  (mm  (iiiarl/itc  I'el.Wc. 


niiinhcrs  in  tin;  gravel  on  tlu:  hank  (if  tlic  river  an.l  on  tin-  mountain-sides.    Often 

almond-sIiaiH-ii  tlalces  (Fig.  6l) 
were  lirokcn  from  tiiesc  prhhlcs. 
Thcsi:  i)ii:ccs  arc  al»oiit  one-third 
the  tliickness  of  the  orijjinal  peb- 
l)le.  Sometimes  such  pieces  (l''ijj. 
62)  had  been  used  for  scrapinjf 
without  additional  llakin^',  as  was 
testified  by  the  worn  and  polished 
condition  of  the  broader  end.  The 
finished  skin-scraper  (Im^-  63)  was 
simply  one  of  these  alnumd-shaped 
flakes  which  had  been  perfected  by  being  chipped 
all  round  :he  edge. 

Many  scrapers  of  this  sort,  and 
some  natural  fragments  of  conven- 
ient form    from    neighboring  out- 
crops, have  been  seen  in  use  among 
the  women  of  this  region  for  soft- 
ening skins.     They  were  inserted 
in  the  split  end  of  a  wooden  han- 
dle about  three  feet  in  length,  and 
held  there  by  winding  with  a  thong 
that  portion  of  the  wood  that  held 
the  stone.    After  the  skin  has  been 
fleshed  and  freed  from  hair,   it  is 
stretched    u[)on    a    framework    of 
poles,  and  prevented  from   becom- 
ing haril  and  stiff  by  being  scraped 
and  poked  with   such   a  scraper  until   it   is   thor- 
oughly  dr>'.     The  specimen  shown  in  I'ig.  64  is 
much  worn  by  such  use. 

Scrapers  ( Figs.  65,  66)  were  also  made  of  bone, 
but  these  arc  of  another  shape,  and  were  undoubt- 
edly used  in  a  way  quite  unlike  that  in  which  the 
stone  scrapers  were  employed.  The  specimen 
shown  in  Fig.  65  is  made  of  the  posterior  metapo- 
dial  of  a  deer.  Several  of  these  were  found  finished, 
and  some  in  process  of  manufacture.  In  an  ancient 
grave  at  Spences  Mridge,  twenty-two  miles  above 
Lytton  on  the  Thompson  River,  a  scraper  of  this 
kintl  was  found  with  traces  of  wrapping  at  the  ends. 
The  Indians  of  to-day  have  a  scraper  of  a  similar  shape,  made  from  a  horse's  rib 


Fin  ')4'(VmI  SM"- 
St  r.ipcr,  h.inecl  in  a 
\V<.ciiUii  Handle. 
Shiiswaji   Inilians. 

K •iups,  11.  e.    i 

n.it.  si/c. 


u 


Fie-  (* 


"^S 


Fig.  f>5 

Scrapers      )  n:»t.  si/c. 
Kig.  6s  laUrAK     Minle  ..f    P..s(crior   Met  i- 
podiiti  of  ii  llcer,     Koiiiitl  on  siirfate, 

FiE.  66f3,\"u).     Mailc  of  iiScipiihi.     Kouiul 
in  Rrave, 


I4S 


SMIl  II,  AKCH.KOI.OllV  OF    I.VrroN,  IIKiriSH  COI.UMHIA. 


\i 


i>r  a  l)arrcl-hn(i|)  by  wiiuliiij^  llic  ciuls  with  raj^fs  ti>  form  liandhfs.     Tliis  they  iisi: 
like  a  ilraw-knifc  to  Ix'am  dciT-skins. 

Awls  and  nrcdlt's  wen:  rc(|uirL'il  for  the  maiuifacturo  of  j^arnuints,  A  pointt-d 
ohjcil  made  of  steatite  ( I'i^.  ^)7),  al>oiil  an  inch  and  a  half  ionj;  ami  an  i-ij^hth  of 
an  inch  in  diameter,  smoothly  polisheil,  was  found,  as  wer«'  also  several  natural 
pieces  of  chalcedony  (l''i),'s.  68,  70)  which  may  have  been  used  for  awls.  The 
chipped  specimen  of  j^lassy  iiasalt  ( \'\^.  ftq)  and  the  cliipped  opalescent  chalcedony 
(I'i^f.  71 )  more  closely  resemble  what  are  usually  called  'drills'  or  'perforators,' 


'•fj 


Pin.  fi? 


Pix-  74 


KiK.  ^8  I'm.  (y)  Fig.  70  Fig.  71  Fig.  7a 

Fill. '7 ':iltn'-     Poiiitctl  Obji-ct  nf  Sicatitc,     Fnitiul  in  i-ncavaling.     N'.it.  sixc. 
Fig. '>-t  I  jIIt'.     Namr.il   Piece  nf  Cliiilccdony.     Fniimi   in  oxciiv;iiing.     N.it,  jii/e. 
Fig.  rxM  i|!!i).    Ctiippetl  S|>i!i:itni-n  (if  Glassy  jl.is.ilt.    Found  in  exciivaling.     Nat.  sizt. 
Fig.  7'i  *  alVr").     Naliiral  PifLC  nf  Opalcsceni  ClLiit'ciltinv.     Fnuiui  in  extavaling.     Nat.  »i/f. 
Fig.  71  (  slHi  1.     Cliippfil  Spiitmcn  of  ttpatesLcnt    C'iialfnlnny.     FninnI  on  snrfat  c.       ,'n.H.st/o. 
Fig   7.' *t1|It1.  Fig.  71  (  illiflt.     Hone  Awls.     FiMind  nn  surface,    ^  nat.  si/e. 
Fig.  74  I  lAtln'.     \i"nc  .■\wl.     Fniinil  in  gr.ivc.    J  nat.  si/c. 

and  these  may  have  served  in  other  industries  than  the  manufacture  of  jjarments. 
The  bone  awls  ( l"ij;s.  72-74)  and  the  ilecorateil  specimen  (I'ij;.  loS)  arc  well 
adaptetl  for  use  in  sewinjf  skins,  or,  like  the  bone  point  shown  in  Vi^.  75,  and  the 
antler  objects  in  I'lt^s,  51  and  55,  may  have  been  used  for  plaiting  baskets.  The 
specimen  pictured  in  I'ii;.  72  Ix^ars  traces  of  red  ochre,  althouj^h  it  is  much 
bleached  from  lyin^  exposed  on  tlie  surface.  I'ig.  74  shows  an  awl  made  of  one 
half  of  the  distal  iMid  of  the  ni(^t:ipodi;d  of  a  ileer,  which  is  so  frequently  employed 
thr()ii<.^lu)ut  Amc-rica  for  awls  :uid  other  implements. 

Needles  made  of  bone  (bi,LCs.  76-79),  both  tine  and  coarse,  were  found  in  the 
,i.,fra\es,  and  scattered  throujrli  the  tjround.  I'^ach  of  them  was  provided  with  an 
elliptical  eye,  with  its  major  a.xis  lyini.^  in  the  axis  of  the  neeille.  The  specimen 
shown  in  Fig.  76  is  ornamented  with  a  pattern  consisting  of  a  few  incised  lines. 
IFdi:  —  Many  of  the  imiih'ments  that  w(;re  used  for  hunting  wt-re  undoubtedly 
also  used  in  warfare.     The  chipped  points  and  knives  previouly  described  cer- 


V 


UMHIA. 


SMIIH,  ARCll/KOLOGY  Ol'    I.YTTON.  BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 


149 


es.     This  tlu-y  use 

•nu!nts.  A  pointfd 
1,'  and  an  fij^luh  of 
so  stn'oral  natural 
c:il  for  awls.  The 
Icsci-nt  chalcedony 
i '  or  '  perforators,' 


••'in.  7.1 


It.  M/t', 

I  ii.il.  size. 


••■l^.  74 


;tiirc  of  (jarments. 
'"iy.  loS)  arc  well 
1  Fig.  75,  and  the 
ng  baskets.  The 
lougli  it  is  much 
awl  made  of  one 
quently  employed 

were  found  in  the 
provided  with  an 
;.  Tile  specimen 
few  incised  lin'.s. 
were  undoubtedly 
uly  described  cer- 


tainly served  cither  ;»irpose.  A  number  of  special  war  implements  have  l)een  found. 
A  larK'i:  dagger  or  knife  (I'ig.  Hu)  made  of  antler,  and  much  weathered  by  long 
exposure,  was  found  on  the  surface  of  the  main  burial-site  ;  and  from  the  e.xca- 
vations  u  much  disintegrated  war-club  (I'ig.  Ki )  of  particular  inter.st  was  secured. 


llriltP  I'm!  n  t. 
KcHiTi'l  nn  tiur- 
fiicc.     Niit.  lUt-. 


Fiw.  76  Fin.  77  Fi«.  7«        !•■'«■  7'> 

Hdiic  Ni-rdles.     1  ii.il.  si/e. 


Fig.  81 


Fi«.  8o{,l!i.).     Di.BKfr  madr  of   Aniler,      FiMiinl   r>n  Mirface.     i   iiat 

I 
I  nat.  size. 


-K^.^>,J3.>,  Ki«.  77.,*8,.,  Ki«.  ,o<48,..     F„u,u,  «i.e.^    ^^  ^^^^^^      ^^  ^^_^^^^^_  ^_  ^^^^  ^^^   ^^^^_^^^        ^.^ ^,   ._    ^^^^ ^ 

Kig.  78  ( j)8ii).     Found  in  cxcav.iling. 


It  is  made  of  an  elk-antler.  The  prong  near  the  base  is  bevelled  m  the  shape  of 
a  wed.^e,  and  the  longer  branch  forms  the  handle.  The  grooved  stone  shown  in 
I'ig.  39  may  have  been  used  as  the  head  of  a  club,  similar  to  tiiose  used  by  the 
present  Indians  of  southern  Hritish  Columbia. 

A  copper  war-club  was  obtained  by  Mr.  James  Teit  from  Indians  who  dug  it 


S^^biSisM.. 


I50 


SMITH,  ARCH.KOLOGY  OF    I.YTTON,   HklllSH  COLUMBIA. 


Iv 


out  of  a  prehistoric  prave  at  Spuzziim,  R.  C.  This  j)]ace  is  at  the  mouth  of 
caftoii  of  the  Fraser,  forty-two  miles  south  from  Lytton.  The  practical  difficul 
of  the  journey  were  great  before  contact  witli  the  whites ;  hut  tlie  geograpli 
nearness,  and  the  fact  that  the  present  Indians  of  Spuzzum  are  of  tlie  sanu^  tt 
as  those  of  Lytton,  induce  me  to  descrilje  this  specimen  with  those  from  Lytt 
Its  edge  is  bevelled,  and  in  some  places  is  knife-like.  Tlie  grip  and  base  are  flan; 
by  lateral  pounding,  and  a  ilesign  is  engraved  on  each  side,  as  issliown  in  Fig. 


f'ig-  84  (,n.).  ccpi 

nient.  Kuiiiicl  in  Kr.'vc.   J  ii.i 


Kig.  83f,i8,l.  Fr.iK- 
mcnt  nf  n  Comb  niadt.' 
of  Antkr.  Fciund  on 
surface.    I  nat.  size. 


Kij:.  ."^j  'iJiVrt'.  CnpjHT  War-Cliil*.  KiMinii 
in  irr.^^'i-'.  Spn/zum,  It.  C".  I.engtii,  iKJ  in.  ; 
witltti,  i]\  in.  ;  lliickncs^,  i  in. 


FiR.  Sf, 
Hnir  Ornanienls.     }  ii.it.  size. 

Fig.  85  (A''J.      Made   of    iron,  inlaid  witli  h.tliotis  : 
Chilcal,  Alaska. 
_  Fig.  86  1,,^, I.    Made  of  conpor.     Kxcavaled  from  a  \i 
site  near  Fori  Wranyel,  .M.iska. 


Dress  and  Oniamciit.  —  Skins  and  garments  woven  of  hark  of  the  sagebn 
and  of  mountain-goat  wool  prol)al)ly  fuinisluHJ  tlie  material  for  clothing  for 
prehistoric  people  of  Lytton.  Fragments  of  deer-skin  and  fai)ric  woven  fr 
vegetable  fibre,  probably  sagebrush,  and  a  considerable  number  and  xaricty 
personal  ornaments,  were  found.  Red,  blue,  yellow,  and  white  paint,  and  proiia 
charcoal  mi.xed  with  grease,  were  used  for  painting  the  body.  Combs  were  in  i 
and  body  and  clothing  were  decorated  with  ornaments  and  pendants  of  copi 
stone,  shell,  bone,  teeth,  and  hair.  A  fragment  of  a  comb  made  of  antler  (b'ig. 
came  from  the  surface  of  the  main  burial-place.     It  is  much  bleached  and  weather 


m 


ITISH  COLUMBIA. 

place  is  at  the  mouth  of  the 
ton.  The  practical  difficulties 
whites ;  but  the  jjeo<:;raphical 
ipuzzum  are  of  the  same  tribe 
men  with  those  from  Lytton. 
Tile  j;rip  and  base  are  flanged 
:h  side,  as  isshown  in  Fijr.  82. 


fig-  84  (iJJ,).     Copper  Orn.i- 
nient.  Koniid  iiv  gr;wc.  J  nat.  size. 


FiK.  86 

H.Tir  Oniaiiieiits.     \  ii.it,  sine. 

I  A"iJ-  .Miulu  of  iniii,  inlaid  witli  li.iliotis  slieli. 
lliislia. 

(itir).  Maile  nf  cnnptT.  Kxcavated  from  a  villai;c- 
Kort  Wranisei,  Alaska. 

iven  of  bark  of  the;  sat^rebrush 
material  for  clothing  for  the 
-skin  and  faiiric  woven  from 
rable  number  ;uid  variet)'  of 
and  white  paint,  and  projjably 
lie  body.  Coml)s  were  in  use, 
nts  and  pendants  of  cojjper, 
=omb  made  of  aniler(  l'"iir.  S;,) 
nuch  bleached  antl  weathered. 


SMnil,  .\RCHyKOI,OGY  OF    LYTTON,  BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 


•5' 


A  pair  of  copper  ornaments,  one  of  which  is  seen  in  Fig.  84,  was  found  m  a 
grave  a  foot  and  a  half  deep  at  the  main  burial-site.  The  body  was  so  nuich 
decayed  that  it  was  impossible  to  see  what  position  they  occupied  in  relation  to 
it.  There  are  some  pieces  of  hair  preserved  and  embedded  in  the  copper  ^aiLs 
which  incrust  them.  These  ornaments  resemble  in  shape  similar  objects  which 
were  used  in  recent  times  as  hair  ornaments  for.  girls  by  certain  tribes  of  the 
coast.  Two  of  these  (Figs.  85,  86)  are  figured  for  comparison.  The  f^rst  is 
made  of  iron  inlaid  with  haliotis  shell,  and  is  from  Chilcat,  Alaska.  The  second, 
like  the  Lytton  specimen,  is  of  copper,  and  was  excavated  from  a  village-site  near 

bOrt  Wrangel,  Alaska.     A  copper  ornament  of  the  same  shape  as  the  one  shown 

in  Fig.  86  has  been  found  in  a  shell-heap  at  Point  Thomas,  near  Fort  Rupert, 

X'ancouver  Island,  B.  C. 

Other  copper  ornaments  are  shown  in  Figs.  87-89.     These  were  found  while 

excavating  in  the  main  burial-place,  but  the  skeleton  with  which  they  were  buried 


Kii!.  87  (,U, A)  I'iB.  S3  (,13,11)  big.  8,  (ai.Cl 

Copper  Ornaiiieiits.     K.nuul  in  cxtavating.     N'al.  size. 

was  too  much  decayed  to  distinguish  the  part  of  the  body  upon  which  they  were 
worn.     They  are  very  thin,  much  corroded,  and  may  have  served  as  bangles  or 

pendants. 

The  pear-shaped  object  of  stone  shown  in  Fig.  90  is  slightly  rubbed  on  the 
base.  It  has  a  perforation  through  the  smaller  end,  drilled  in  the  usual  way,  from 
each  side.  It  was  collected  by  Mrs.  Bailev  in  1890,  and  is  now  in  the  Provincial 
Museum,  Victoria,  B.  C. 

A  number  of  pendants  or  inrngles  made  of  sheet-irJca,  such  as  the  one  in 
Fig.  91,  were  found   in  one  of  the  graves  which  contained  a  great  variety  of 

objects. 

Many  irregular  pieces  of  the  shell  of  /W/cn  cauriniis  (I'igs.  92,  93),  with 
edges  rubbed  smooth  and  with  one  or  two  perforations,  were  found  in  the  exca- 
vadons  at  the  sixth  site,  and  fragments  of  the  same  shell  were  found  scattered  on 
the  surface  of  the  filth  site.  The  perforated  specimens  seem  too  small  to  have 
been  used  as  rattles,  and  may  have  been  pendants,  ear-ornaments,  or  bangles. 
Some  of  them  were  daubed  with  red  ochre. 

Several  pieces  of  abalone  shell  with  sciuaretl  edges  were  found  in  a  grave  at 
the  main  site.  One  of  these  (Fig.  94)  was  perforated.  Probably  it  was  used  as 
a  pendant.  Such  shell  ornaments  are  now  highly  pri  ed  by  the  coast  Indians  on 
account  of  the  iridescence  of  the  shell. 

Two  triangular  bone  pendants,  one  of  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  95,  were  found 


\=^2 


SMITH,  ARCH.KOI.OdY  OF    I.VTION,  BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 


M 


t.r 


in  a  jrrave  at  the  main  site.  The  specimen  figured  is  slightly  larger  than  the 
other.  It  is  well  made,  very  thin,  with  rather  sharp  edges,  and  an  elliptical  per- 
foration at  the  upper  end. 


Fi^.  ()o;q38[3iil). 
Object  made  o  f 
Stone.  I.y  1 1  on  . 
)  n:it.  size.  (From 
a  drawing,  by  Miss 
K.  H.  W.H.ds.  of  .1 
specimen  in  the 
I'f'iv  i  nri.il  Mii- 
sciiiii,    \'  i  c  I II  r  i  :i. 


Fi«.  gi  (i',"o).     I'fud.int  nr  ll;ini;lc  iiiade  of 
MiiM.     FdiiLiil  in  K""-'^*-'-     N,it.  si/e. 


Perforated  (  Uticcts  made  nf  Shell, 
ing  .It  6th  site.     }  nat,  si/e. 


Fnvind  in  exiaval- 


Pendants  like  that  seen  in  V'l^.  96,  made  of  tlie  canine  teeth  of  the  elk,  were 
found  in  larye  numbers  in  the  graves.  .Sometimes  they  were  lyinj;  in  tlie  vicinit)' 
of  the  neck-bones  of  the  skeleton.  The  perforation  dril!<;d  from  side  to  side 
through  the  base  of  the  root  is  usually  worn  smooth,  and  many  of  these  objects 


.  <Hl4ii»Al.     l'er(,.r.ili;>l<  II.- 
laiU'  "f  AlKiloiie  Slicll.   K<>iii..l 

l\l'.       i  lUlt.  si/f. 


linie  nf   Hiiiie,      Poimit  in 


FiK.  ()6  Fin.  <)7 

lViul;ints.      Fiiuiui  in  fx 
Fii;.  Q(.  (,',3.A),  Fi];.i)8i,|?„i.    Maik- ,.(  clk-l... 
Fi^.  <(7  '  si -I ).     Made  of  a  canitie  l.iii.)i. 


are  stained  by  copper  salts.  This  again  proves  that  ornaments  made  of  copper 
were  in  use.  Mr.  James  Teit  has  learned  from  the  Indians  that  elk-teeth  were 
often  sewed  on  the  garments,  and  also  fastened  to  the  prows  and  gunwales  of 
canoes  with  string  or  gum.     One  pendant  (I'ig.  97)  was  made  of  the  canine  tooth 


i  ! 


iLUMBIA. 


SMITH,  ARCH/t:OI.OGY  OF    I.YTTON,  BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 


'■53 


litly  larger  than  the 
nd  an  elliptical  per- 


1  y'K-  9.1  (liSsHI 

lade  of  Shell.     Foiiiid  in  excaval- 


!(,'th  of  the  ells,  were 
lying  in  the  vicinity 
1  from  side  to  side 
my  of  these  objects 


I'i.t.  97  I'is-  ')8 

in  cxcavatiiiK.     Nat.  sizj. 
8lj|?,l.     Made  of  elk-tooth. 
•  f  .(  c.inine  tnoji. 

Its  made  of  copper 

that  elk-teeth  were 

's  and  gunwales  of 

of  the  canine  tooth 


of  a  wolf,  perforated  through  the  root  for  suspension,  and  ornamented  with  three 
grooves  running  around  it.  Another  ( I' ig.  9S),  made  of  the  incisor  tooth  of  an 
elk,  was  provided  witii  a  groove  instead  of  a  perforation  for  suspension. 

Shell  beads  of  various  kinds  were  used  for  necklaces,  fringes,  and  the  like. 
There  are  perforatt:d  disks  or  short  cjlindrical  beads  which  average  an  eighth  of 
an  inch  in  diameter,  a  thirty-second  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  with  a  perforation 
about  a  thirty-second  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  drilled  with  a  bevel  from  each  side. 
Specimens  of  these  shell  beads  were  so  numerous  on  certain  parts  of  the  surface 
of  the  main  village-site,  that,  after  picking  up  a  great  many  of  them,  their  number 
seemed  undiminished.      Dentalium  shells,  and  sections  of  these  shells  cut  about 
an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  length,  were  found,  as  well  as  little  olivella  shells,  the  ends 
of  alfof  the  latter  being  broken  off,  probably  to  make  a  hole  for  stringing.     Some 
of  these  olivella  shells  had  holes  in  the  body  near  the  lip,  which,  however,  may 
have  been  merely  accidental.      In  one  of  the  graves  some  short  cylindrical  beads 
made  of  sections  of  dentalium  shells  were  found  still  upon  c  portion  of  the  string, 
which  had  been  i)reserved  by  the  dryness  of  the  sand.     This  string,  as  identified 
by  Mr.  Willard   N.   Clute  of  the  New  York  Hotanical  Gardens,   is  made  of  the 
hark  of  the  red  cedar  (  Thuja  o;ii:;antia ).     This  material  is  more  commonly  used 
on  th('  coast,  and  may  have  been  imported  with  the  shell  beads  upon  it. 

Several  tassels  made  of  dentalium  shell  and  hair  (Fig.  99)  were  found  in  the 
same  grave  with  a  sl.ite  fish-knife  and  a  whetstone.     These  tassels  are  much  stained 

by  copper  salts.      A  doubled  lock  of  hair,  held  in  the 
middle  by  a  loop  of   string  the 
strands  of  which  are  twisted  to 
the  right,  was  pulled  uj)  into  the 
shell. 

Games,  Aiiuisciiicn/s,  A^ar- 
iv/us.  —  Sets  of  dice  (Fig.  100) 
were  often  found  with  other  ob- 
jects at  the  sides  of  the  skeletons. 
.Although  beaver-teeth,  some  of 
which    were    covered    with    red 

ochre,  were  found  in  the  same  places,  and  dice  made 
of  beaver-teeth  were  secured  from  prehistoric  graves  at  Kamloops,  H.  C,  yet  all 
of  the  dice  found  here  were  made  from  the  teeth  of  the  woodchuck.  These  are 
so  much  like  the  dice  made  of  beaver-teeth  which  the  modern  Indians  of  British 
Columbia  use,  that  our  knowledge  of  that  game  enal)les  us  to  explain  these  speci- 
mens. Ihe  counting  varies  sliglitly  at  different  places,  but  the  game  is  practically 
the  same.  Dr.  I'ranz  Boas'  describes  this  game,  as  played  by  the  Lku  i\g:  n  of 
south-eastern  Vancouver  Island,  as  follows:  — 

■'  A  game  at  dice  is  played  with  four  beaver-teeth,  two  being  marked  on  one  of 
theirllatsides  with  two  rows  of  small  circles.    They  are  called  '  women.'    .   .  .   'Ihe 

'  siMh  K.pnrl  ..II  •  IIr-  Norlhwc-tcrii  Tril.fs  of  CMa.b '  to  ll.c  liritish  Associaliun  for  the  .VilMinccniail  of  Scii-nce. 


urn  Shell  an,l  1 1 
si/e. 


Fi«.  loo  Ijl'is'V  ,J.'!.1-  ,."''" 
ni.ideol  W'oodLhuck-  I  eelh.  l-u\nu\ 
in  grave.     Nat.  size. 


'54 


•SMITH,  ARCHEOLOGY  OK    LYTTON,  BRITISH  COLUMBIA, 


two  others  are  marked  on  one  of  the  (lat  sides  with  cross-hnes.     They  are  called 


I  i«  <">  lilojAi,  Aslrnea- 
liis  HitiiL.  Foiiiul  in  iwcav.it- 
iiiK.     N.u.  si/e. 


■  men.    .  .  .   One  of  them  is  tieil  with  a  small    strinjj  in  the  middle, 
game  is  played  by  two  persons.     Accordinjr  to  the  value  of  the  stakes, 
tiiirty  or  forty  sticks  are  p'.iced  between  the  players.  One  bejrins  to 
tlirow.      W'iien  all  the  marked  faces  are  either  up  or  down  he  wins 
two  sticks.      If  the  faces  of  the  two    '  men  ' 
are   up,  of  the  two   '  women  '  down,    or   v/ci: 
vfisii,  he  wins  one  stick.    W'lien  the  face  of  the 
I  marked  tooth]  is  up,  all  others  down,  or  vuf 
vfr.ui,  he   wins  four  sticks.      Whoever  wins  a 
stick  j^oes  on  playing'.     When  one  of  the  play- 
ers has  obtainetl  all  the  sticks  lie  has  won  the 
stake." 

Tile  astraj^alus  bone  of  the  deer  (Fijj^.  loO 
is  frequently  found,  and  possibly  it  was  used  by 
these  people,  as  it  was  farther  east,  for  dice  in 
^rambling. 
The  tidx;  with  a  hole  in  the  side,  made  of  a  bird  bone,  and 
shown  in  I-'ig.  102,  may  have  been  used  as  a  whistle 
or  as  a  drinking-tube.  If  for  the  latter  purpose,  it 
may  have  been  attached  to  the  owner  by  a  string 
fastened  into  this  hole.  The  smaller  end  is  worn 
smootii,  while  the  larger  end  shows  how  the  bone 
was  partly  cut  through  and  then  !)roken 
off.  A  number  of  small  tubes  made  of 
bird  bones  were  also  found.  They  vary 
from  one  to  five  inches  in  length,  and 
some  of  them  bear  one  or  more  rows  of 
notches  or  tally-marks.  Some  of  the 
enils  have  been  partly  cut  through  and 
then  broken  oft,  and  a  few  are  worn 
smooth,  the  bone  being  polished  for  a 
little  distance  along  its  surface.  Sticks 
of  a  similar  shape  are  used  in  gambling 
among  the  coast  Indians. 

I'Vagments  of  the  shells  of  Pcctoi 
((tur/inis  may  be  parts  of  rattles  similar 
to  those  used  in  the  dances  of  the  coast 
Indians  of  to-day,  and  it  is  possible  that 
the  perforated  specimens  shown  in  I'igs. 
y2  and  93  were  also  strung  for  use  as 
rattles. 

The  practice  of  smoking  is  indicated 


The 


^IIL: 


Kin,  ioiiiS3it.  It,i«- 
mentof  .1  Steatite  Pipe 
Kouru)  ill  ^ra\'i.     4'  iiiit. 


ripcs  iii.uk'  of  SttMtitc  nr  nearly  Al- 
ii. >l  \l.,teri.il.  I.yltoii,  I!.  C.  \  ii.il.  si/e. 
I  lir.iMM  (mm  :i  iilioingrapii  of  spi'iiiiiens 
ill  tin-  Miisoiiin  i-f  iTie  llcul.  Siirv.  of 
Ciitada.) 


OLUMIilA. 


SMITH    ARCH/KOI.OC.Y  OF    LYTTON.  BRITISH  COI.UMIUA. 


135 


les.     They  are  called 


he  middle. 
:  stakes, 
!gins  to 
he  wins 

'  men  ' 
or  vice 
2  of  the 

or  v/cf 
wins  a 
le  play- 
on  the 

ig.  lOl) 
iscd  by 
dice  in 

le,  and 
whistle 
Dose,  it 
.  strinjr 
s  worn 
e  bone 


The 


n  I)  I)  c  T  u  be. 
Kiiiiiid  nil  sur- 
face, k  iiat.  size. 


.'s  ii!;uic  (if  Ste.ttiu-  (ir  nearly  Al- 
I.M.ri.il.  I.\it..ii,  M.  C,  s  iiat.  size. 
.  II  fnnii  .1  plMtn^;r;tpli  uf  s()L-cimcns 
■  Miisoimi  i.f  tilt'  (IcjI,  Siirv.  ..f 
Li.) 


by  the  presence  of  stone  pipes  (Fi^s.  .03.05.  ...-M.V).      1  he  present  Indians 
of  this  region  mix  bearberry  (///rA.vA^MrAu  ;/.-v^«;-,v/ Spren,!;.)  with  their  tobacco 
to  render  it  less  strong  for  smokinjr.     Accordinsr  to  information  obtained  by  Mr. 
James  Teit,  before  the  introduction  of  .nanufactiired   tobacco,  the  wild,  narrow- 
leaved  tobacco  {N/a'//<r>ta  attcnnata  Torr.)  of   the  re.^ion   was  used.      Possibly 
this  plant  mixed  with  bearberry  was  smoked  by  the  prehistoric  people  of  Lytton. 
The  occurrence  of  charred  bearberries  in  the  old  hearths  strengthens  this  opinion. 
The  pipes  were  made  from  steatite.     Blocks  of  the  raw  material  broken  from 
the  rock,  and  pieces  of  the  same  which  had  been  cut  and  rubbed,  were  found  on 
the  surface.     Finished  pipes,  highly  polished,  and  ornamented  with  incised  lines 
have  been  found  ///  situ  in  the  old  -raves.     The  bowl  of  this  style  of  pipe  is  of 
the  shape  of  a  wine-glass,  and  the  stem  is  simply  an  extension  of  the  bowl,  the 
axes  of  both  being  in  a  straight  line.     The  specimen  shown  in   Fig.    103  was 
found  in  a  grave  at  the  main  site.     It  is  nicely  cut  from  a  greenish  steatite  and 
is  well  polished.     The  mouthpiece  is  marked  with  parallel  lines  such  as  would  be 
made  with  a  notched  stone  or  bone.     The  hole  is  slightly  funnel-shaped  for  about 
a  quarter  of  an  inch  from  the  mouth,  but  is  straight  the  rest  of  the  way,  showing 
a  high  degree  of  skill  in  drilling.      The  pipe  shown  in  Fig.  104  was  collected  by 
Mr.   Charles   Hill-Tout,   and  the  one  in    F'ig.    105  is  of  the  collection  made  in 
18-7  by  Dr  George  M.  Dawson.     They  are  both  from  graves  at  Lytton,  and 
are  made  from  steatite  or  nearly  allied  material.     The  drawings  of  the  last  two 
are  made  from  photographs  furnished  through  the  courtesy  of  Dr.  Dawson. 

The  river  pebble  of  schistose  rock  with  an  incised  cross,  shown  in  Fig.  106 
was  found  on  the  surface  of  the  sixth  site.  It  may  have  been  used  in  a  game  of 
some  sort,  but  I  know  of  no  existing  game  in  which  such 
stones  are  employed.  The  engraving  is  not  very  neatly 
done,  there  being  several  marks  where  the  cutting-instru- 
ment has  slipped,  or  where  notches  in  it  have  caused  side 
scratches.  The  cross  was  not  necessarily  borrowed  from 
other  people,  and  is  no  indication  that  the  specimen  was 
made  since  contact  with  the  whites. 

_  /;7.  „Tlie  art  of  these  people  is  illustrated  by  paint- 
ings, engravings,  and  carvings,  and  also  by  the  ornaments 
used  for  personal  adornnK-nt.  .1  small  bowlder  was  found 
on  which  there  was  a  circle  painted  in  red.  Many  pieces 
of  bone,  antler,  etc.,  are  also  stained  with  red  ochre,  which 
may  or  may  not  have  been  intentionally  applied, 

■  The  implement  made  of  antler  (l-ig.  107)  is  decorated  with  a  pattern  of 
enoraved  cross-lines.  It  was  found  in  a  grav(.  at  the  main  bunal-site,  and  is 
stained  with  red  ochre.  It  is  slightly  wedge-shaped  at  its  smaller  end,  worn  by 
use,  and  seems  to  be  best  explained  as  an  implement  used  for  plaiting  baskets. 
The  bone  awl  shown  in  Fig.  108  was  found  upon  the  surface,  much  bleached.  Its 
cross-section  shows  four  sides.     These  are  ornamented  by  incised  lines  forming 


■'M.        I'ebbl.'    wiih 
"|<iiin.l  oil  siirfatt:. 


5'J 


SMirii,  arch.i;()1,()(;y  ok  i.vn'ox,  nRiiisii  loi  imuia. 


/  M  ' 


h.. 


r\ 


i 


Fitt.  ...;u;s,), 

I    III    p  I  C  Ml  L-  II  t 

ma.li-  i.f  Anilcr. 
Fiiiiml  ill  nr.ivf. 
\  II. II.  ^'wc. 


X-slia|)i'il  fij,nircs  on  oiii'  side.',  sets  of  three  parallel  lines  upon  two  sid 
last  side,  next  to  the  X-sha[ied  fiLjiires,  is  plain.  I'lie 
incised  lines  on  some  of  the  bone  tiih(;s  ])reviously  men- 
tioned may  iiave  been  intended  as  decorations.  The 
handle  of  tiie  diifi^ini^-stick  made  of  antler  ( I-'it^.  2  i  )  l)ears 
an  incised  ilesiiLjn  at  (;ach  entl.  The  similarit)'  of  these 
desiijjns  to  those  used  by  the  present  Imlians  induced 
C:::^  me  to  re(]uest    Mr.   James  Teit  to  submit  drawin^js  of 

these  specimens  to  several  old  Indians.  Their  interpre- 
tations are  as  follows  :  — 

The  ladder-like  desijrn  on  Fii^.  21  is  a  snake  or 
worm  pattern,  which  is  intended  to  represent  the  striped 
skin  of  those  animals.  When  used  as  patterns  in  orna- 
mentation, these  were  generally  drawn  or  carved  with- 

J  out  showinir  the  head  or  tail  of  the  animal.       Tiie  two 

Ij  end  designs  on  the  lartje  half  of  the  handle  represent  a 

^  hairy  insect.      The  lonu;  line  with  numerous  short  lines 

at  riirht  angles  to  it  dejiicts  a  snake  or  a  wcjrm,  which 
was  probably  the  manilou  of  the  woman  who  owned  the 
handle,    as   it    was  customar)'  for  women  havinsj;  such 

(guardian  spirits  to  carve  representa- 
tions of  them  on  their  root-diggers. 

Snakes,   wood-worms,  and  various 

insects  were  among  the  manitous 

most  commonly  possessed  by  wo- 
men in  this  region.   The  root-digger 

and  the  tump-line  were  themselves 

the    manitous    of     some    women. 

The  lines   which  cross   each   other 

probably  represent  cross-trails.   'I'he 

old  hulians  were  doubtful  about  the 

other  figures  consisting  of  groups  of 

parallel  lines. 

The  Imlians,  when  askei.1  about 

the  probable  use  of  the  thin  blade;  of 

antler  ( I'igs.  log  and  i  10),  thought 

it  might  have  been  a    sap-scraper, 

])art   of  a  dog's  halter,  or  a  head- 

scratcher.       The  circular  tlesign  on 

it  re|  '    ients  thebutterlly  ortheeyc'. 

'i"b        'der-shaped  marks  again  rep- 
rest        'he   snake  or  worm.      The        f      nu.  1., 

short ;.!!  s  with  one  verj-  short  mark      y'^  Ti','.''v^^^.i<s^'!'iTi^"\^r° 


while  tile 


Kline  A»l  ilr.- 
iir:iU'il  willl  lil- 
lisiil  Lines. 
I'diiiiil  oil  siir- 
f.lCl',    .,'  Il.il.  si/c. 


n 


COI.IMIUA. 

•on  two  si(l(- 
lin.  Till.' 
iisly  men- 
is.  The 
21 )  hears 
y  of  these 
s  induced 
awiiii^s  of 
r  interpre- 

snake  or 
u;  striped 
i  in  orna- 
ved  witli- 
The  two 
present  a 
hort  h'nes 
111,  which 
wned  tile 
in  Of  such 


SMITH,  ARni.KOl.CMiV  OV    I.VITON,   ItKlTlSII  OH.L'MIUA. 


1=;; 


wh 


lie  tlie 


\ 


I 


1-1^.  i-s ',!;;.,  1. 

Hone  Avvl  .iiv 
nratcii  with  !ii< 
ciscd  Line  s, 
Fnmul  nn  siir- 
fiicu.    i'  nut.  si/c. 


^ 

I 


iitltT.      Kuiiiiil  in  i;ravt'       Nat.  size. 


extendin.^  fro.n  the  middle  of  each  (lM,^  .09)  may  be  a  sign  of  the  wood-worm, 
as  may  also  the  long  lin..  with  marks  at  right  angles  to  them,  but  the  latter  de- 

si>m  is  more  doubtful.  ,      n-    1        .  ..:.,i   o,-.,i 

■■^    The  pipe  shown  in  Fig.  ...  is  made  of  steatite  or  nearly  all.ed  matenal.  and 
is  in  the  col  ection  from  the  graves  at  Lytton,  made  in  .877  by  Dr.  Dawson. 

I  cesi.ni  (Figs.  . . .  and  .  .3)  probably  represents  the  be.ngs  that  appeared 
u.  the  ow.ie;- in  a  dream.     It  was  customary  for  men  to  carve  on  tluMr  p.pes,  and 
chiefly  on  sacred  pipes,  representations  of  the  be.ngs  appeanng  u. 
their  dreams,  especially  in  their  first  important  dream  in  wh.ch  they 

received  their  manitou.     Owing  to  

the  secrecy  of  treatment  of  sacred 
objects,  it  is  difficult  to  obtain 
specific  interpretations  of  such  de- 
signs, for  these  secrets  would  be 
kept  by  the  individual  even  from 
his  friends,  and  with  his  death  the 
knowledge  of  the  significance  of  the 
design  would  pass  away. 

The  row  of  short  parallel  lines 
on  this  pipe  may  represent  either  a 
wood-worm  or  a  rattlesnake's  tail. 
The  ladder  designs  are  again  sup- 
poseil  to  represent  snakes  or  worms. 
The  lines  on  the  stem  of  the  pipe 
may    depict    wood-worm    borings, 

while  a  large  curve  close  to  the  rim  may  represent  the  earth,  a 
mountain,  or  the  foot  of  a  mountain.  The  inverted  V-shaped  t.gu.-es  on  the  bowl 
probably  represent  a  bat,  or  they  may  be  the  llying-goose  design. 

An  onn  the  ..resent  Indians  the  following  conventional  .lesigis  are  fre<i  uen  1> 
us..d      A  long  li  e  with  short  strokes  arranged  at  regular  intervals  perpendicular 
o  i    usuallv  n;presents  hair  or  something  similar  growing  from  a  surface,  as  trc^s 
11  the  earth'     Zigzag  lines  represent  snake-tracks  ;  w  en  th.,-  run  down   t  u, 
mn-  mean  li"lnnin<^      Kong  straight  lines  represent  trails,  creeks,  the  earth,  etc. 
•    .  i  of  tCe  patterns  on  such  objects  determines  the  meaning  to  a  cer- 

'       ;;tei  ,.       rhe  similarity  of  the  art  designs  of  the  prehistoric  ,K.,ple    o    hose 
,  e  present  natives  is  the  strongest  argument  in  favor  of  the  theory  Uia    Uu= 
culture  .,f  this  area  has  not  materially  changed  since  the  times  when     h  ,    .  e- 
o  ic  burial-ground  of  Lytton  was  in  use  and  the  prehistoric  sites  were  inhabited 
Pipes  made  of  steatite,  beside,  being  engraved,  were  sometimes  carved.     On 
some  there  is  a  ring  around  the  tube  where  the  bowl  joins  the  stem  ;  on  othe  s.  as 
r;ie  one  shown  ^n  Fig.  .03,  there  is  a  niouthpiece  with  inc.sed  ---  -- 
The  bowl  of  a  pipe,  a  fragme.     only  of  which  was  found  (F.g.  ' ' ^]' ^:''  ^J^^ 
f. ';,„  of  the  head  of  an  animal  with  its  mouth  wide  open.     1  he  material  ,s  steatite. 


Fi         11    l")0- 

Pip,  :  iclc.if  SliM- 
titc  i.r  iitMrly  AI- 
Ik-,!  M  .1 1  c  r  i  j  I. 
l-'.miiJ  ill  izr.tvc, 
1,  vll"".  II.  e^' 
-;  nat.  si/,'.    (  1  r.iiii 

a  pli urapli  "f  a 

sp.Liiii,-!,     Ill     Ili« 

Mus,-iiiii  "f  <;i-'.i. 

Siirv.,  Caiiati.i.i 


lin.    Hi.      Di-sii;"   i.n    I'ipi-    shown    in    l-'i|;.    ill. 
(Drawn  liy  Mr.  I.    M.  l.aiiilie.l 


'5S 


SMI  I  II,  AKCII.KdIOC.Y  OF    I.VTTON,  liRITISH  COLUMBIA. 


A  very  licaiitiful  iinimal  form  carvcil  in  antlor  (I'ij^.  1 14)  lias  a  hole  drilled  through 
it,  tapering  from  below  upward  ;  and  another  hole  from  the  posterior  end  of  the 
carving  runs  forwan!  alioiit  a  (piartcr  of  an  incli.      The  legs  stantl  out  in  relief. 


1        I 


t"iB.  II)  (liUr)'     Fn^iiienl  of  a  Sleatite  Pipe.     Found  on  surface,  fith  site,    j  n.it.  aiie. 

while  the  stripes  on  the  sides  are  incised.  The  piece  has  been  broken  or 
decayed  in  such  a  way  that  it  is  impossible  to  tell  how  much,  if  any,  is  lacking. 
A  head  of  the  same  style  of  carving,  in  the  same  material  (Fig.  115),  was  found. 
These  carvings  are  so  mucii  alike,  that  one  might  be  taken  for  a  fragment  of  the 
other.  These  animal  carvings  are  entin.'ly  different  from  the  engraved  designs, 
and  of  a  high  order  of  art,  which  resembles  tliat  of  botii  the  old  and  recent  coast 
culture  perhaps  more  than  anything  else  found  near  l.ytton. 


Fig,  114  (iJ"o).     Animal  Form  carved  in  .Antter.     Fonnd  in  uraV' 


FtK.  lis  (ni'Jtit-  Animal 
Head  (ar\ed  in  Antler. 
Fonnd  in  j;ravc  with  speci- 
men sliown  in  Fig.  114.  I 
n.n.  si/e. 


Method  of  lUirial. —  Dr.  Dawson,  in  his  notes  on  the  Shuswap,  refers  to  bodies 
founil  burieil  sitting  upright,  and  to  others  lying  upon  tiie  side.  In  still  other 
cases  he  found  a  few  bones  placeil  in  such  a  manner  as  to  suggesfthat  they  were 
buried  after  the  decomposition  of  the  soft  parts.  Dawson'  saw  the  Indians  in 
Nicola  valley  rebury  a  body  th;it  hail  been  dead  for  about  a  year.  He  found  the 
heatls  of  many  bodies  covered  witli  red  ochre,  which  still  adhered  to  the  skull  when 
it  was  taken  up.  He  considers  that  the  objects  burietl  with  the  dead  were  to 
represent  their  propert)'  rather  than  to  be  of  aii)'  future  use  to  them  I"or  instance, 
Hakes  of  glassy  basalt  and  crooked  arrow-[)oinls  would  rejiresent  property,  though 
in  themselves  of  Hule  value.      Quartz  cr\-stals,  calcite,  mica,  and  stone  objects 

'  Transactions  of  ihe  Koyal  Society  of  Canada,  Section  II,  1891,  p.  13. 


w 


im 


COLUMBIA. 

s  a  hole  clrilled  throujjh 
ic  posterior  end  of  the 
Jgs  stand  out  in  relief, 


has  been  broken  or 
ich,  if  any,  is  lacking. 
(Hi,!,'.  115),  was  found. 

for  a  fragment  of  the 
the  engraved  designs, 
e  old  and  recent  coast 
1. 


:^ 


,,^'B•  "5  (jJ'Jnt.  Animal 
Heail  carved  in  Anller. 
round  in  sravtf  with  speci- 
men slionn  in  FiL--  in.  \ 
nat.  size.  '      ' 


iswap,  refers  to  botlies 

side.      In  still  other 

iggesfthat  they  were 

1 '  saw  tile  Intlians  in 

year.     He  found  the 

erod  to  the  skull  when 

th  the  dead  were  to 

them      l"or  instance, 

sent  property,  though 

a,  and  stone  objects 

!'■  '3. 


SMITH,  ARCH.1':0LOGY  OK    LYTTON,  BRITISH  COLUMIUA. 


159 


resembling  slate-pencils,  were  found.  He  saw  no  iron,  and  believes  that  ■■  une  of 
the  graves  at  least  antedate  th(;  coming  of  the  whites  to  the  west  coast  of  America. 
The  bones  of  small  animals  and  bear-teeth  indicate  that  some  were  hunters,  and 
the  stone  adzes  suggest  canoe  manufacture.  At  Lillooet,  about  forty  miles  to  the 
north.  Dr.  Dawson  discovered  beads  or  pendants  of  galena,  and  many  flat  bone 
beads' such  as  were  freciuently  found  by  us  at  Kamloops,  but  which  we  did  not  see 
at  Lytton.     He  found  bodies  at  Lillooet  wrapped  in  bark. 

We  did  not  find  any  grave  in  which  the  body  was  in  a  sitting  posture.  1  he 
description  of  a  few  graves  will  serve  as  examples  of  the  types  of  graves  found  by 
us  In  one  of  them  the  head  was  to  the  east,  and  the  pelvis  to  the  west.  I  he 
feet  were  drawn  up  to  the  pelvis,  so  that  the  knees  were  in  front  of  the  chest. 
The  head  rested  on  the  right  side.  The  arms  were  flexed  parallel  to  the  body, 
with  the  hands  to  the  face.  The  whole  body  rested  horizontally.  The  depth  m 
the  shifting  sand  was  a  foot  and  a  half,  but  originally  it  may  have  been  a  few  inches 
or  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet,  according  to  the  changes  in  th<;  suptMiiiposed  sand 
caused  by  the  wind.  Tluire  was  a  knife  made  of  beaver-tootli  at  one  knee  ;  and 
many  implements  of  antler  and  a  beaver-tooth  were  in  such  a  position  as  to 
suggest  that  they  had  been  placed  in  a  pouch.  This  bundle  of  objects  extended 
in  the  direction  from  knee  to  face.' 

In  another  burial  the  skeleton  lay  with  the  head  to  the  north.  1  he  body  and 
head  were  covered  with  bircii-bark.  Red  paint  was  found  at  the  shins  ;  and  whit.; 
and  yellow  paint,  six  inches  east  of  the  pelvis,  or  one  foot  east  of  the  heels.  I  he 
heels  were  towards  the  south,  the  face  towards  the  west.  The  body  rested  m  a 
hori/.o,nal  position  on  its  right  side.  The  hands  were  over  the  face  and  forehead. 
Near  the  chin  were  dentalia,  copper  covering  a  wooden  cylmder,  as  well  as  pieces 
of  loose  copper,  and  perforated  elk-teeth  stained  by  the  copper.  A  nephrite  celt 
was  secured  from  below  the  lower  end  of  the  left  femur,  with  the  sharp  edge 
towards  the  east.  Charred  berries  were  found  above  the  shoulder.  Six  inches 
east  of  the  head  were  an  arrow-point,  roughly  chipped  points,  chips,  a  little 
nephrite  celt,  red  paint,  bone  needles  and  other  implements,  a  knife-point  made  of 
a  beaver-tooth,  and  animal  teeth.'     Five  inches  east  of  the  middle  of  the  back  a 

long  celt  was  found.  ,111 

The  skeleton  of  a  young  adult  lay  with  head  to  the  north.  I  he  body  had 
been  Hexed  as  usual.  The  face  was  to  the  east.  Little  black  arrow-points' 
wn-e  found  throughout  the  grave.  Some  beaver-teeth  and  red  paint  w.n-e  found 
i,etween  the  middle  of  the  tibia  and  the  femur  of  the  right  leg.  1  he  left  leg  was 
not  llexed  quite  as  close  as  the  rigiit. 

A  >rroup  of  antler  implements  and  chips  of  black  stone,  prob;ibly  the  contents 
of  a  po'uch,  were  located  a  few  feet  east  of  this  grave,  and  four  inches  directly 
west  of  another  skeleton  of  an  older  individual,  which  faced  west,  with  the  head 
to  the  south.     The  latter  skeleton  was  disarranged,  either  by  the  wind  oi^bccjiuse 


'  Two  of  the  antler  olijtcts  are  represenleil  in  Figs.  51  .md  53. 
»  Some  of  these  objects  .ire  shown  in  l-'ins.  41,  42,  79.  t"7- 


'  One  of  them  is  seen  in  Kig.  6. 


-IJ^Tlst^ssrnMmr- 


i6o 


SMIIII.  AKCH/KOI.OdV  Dl'    I.YIION,   llRl  I  ISII  (( )|.rMIUA. 


" 


it  liad  Ix.'cn  rcl)iiric(l.  Witli  it  were  found  cliiiiiu'd  iioints  of  stoiv  and  jiicrrs  of 
tlic  same  material,  a  pair  of  grooved  arrowsliaft  smoothers,  tiiree  wiieisioiies, 
several  finely  carved  pieces  of  antler,  hone  awls  and  needles,  a  hone  seraper  and 
pendants,  dice  made  of  woodchuck-teeth,  white  paint,  pendants  of  mica,  ;ind  hits 
of  hirch-hark.' 

At  a  deptii  of  a  foot  and  a  half  there  were  traces  of  human  hones  th.it  were 
so  much  decayeil  that  the  skull  resend)led  a  layer  of  sawdust.  The  heatl  lay  to 
tile  north,  anil  the  hody  was  ilouhled  up  in  the  usual  manner  pre\  iously 
descriheil.  In  the  grave  were  a  numher  of  ohjects,  including  a 
l)oint  of  argillite,  celts,  chips  of  stone,  wlu'tslones,  hirihdiark,  heads 
of  dentalium,  red  paint,  and  a  piece  of  wooil  covered  with  copper 
(I'ig.  1 16).-  A  second  hurialof  this  kind  contained,  hesides  traces  of 
the  skeleton,  a  pestle,  slat(;  fish-knife,  numerous  chips  of  stone,  a  pair 
of  copper  ornanunts,  a  pendant  maile  of  ahaloni'  shell,  tassels  of 
dentalium  shell  ami  hair,'  aiul  reil  anil  yellow  paint.  i'he'se  uimc  in 
a  position  suggesting  that  they  were  originally  deposited  in  a  pouch. 
Ovi.-r  a  few  hones,  one  heing  the  femur  of  a  puma,  were  found 
pieces  of  hirchhark,  rolls  of  hirch-l)ark,  a  shell  spoon  partly  lilh d 
with  gum,  red  and  hlu(?  paint,  hone  awls  and  needles,  .i  h;irpoon-|(oint 
of  antler,  a  hone  knife-haniUe.  a  hone  chisel,  hone  tuhes,  heaver- 
teeth,  a  fantastically  chipped  implement  of  glass)-  hasalt,  two  whet- 
stones, fr.aginents  of  bowlders  from  which  pieces  had  hec'ii  detached,  a  celt  niadi' 
of  similar  material,  :i  piece  of  a  pipe  made  of  steatite,'  and  seeds  of  /.y/fios/irriinnii. 
'I'his  plant  is  still  ahundant  in  the  neighhorhood.  It  seems  that  while  in  seed  it 
had  heen  placed  o\er  the  hody,  as  the  shell-like  seeds  are  mixed  with  a  very  hiack 
mass,  prohahly  the  decayed  leaves  and  branches  of  the  plant.  Seeds  of  this  kinil 
were  found  both  at  Kandoops  and  at  Lytton. 

Grotesquely  formed  pebbles  of  various  bright  anil  clear  colors  wi-re  some- 
times found  m  the  graves,  and  these  may  have  been  prizeil  as  amidets  or  charms. 
There  were  some  irregular  piles  cjf  luniian  bones.  In  the  topical  graves  the  bodies 
were  buried  upon  the  siile,  with  the  knees  drawn  up  to  the  chest.  They  were  often 
ccjvered  with  pieces  of  birch-bark,  as  was  eviilenced  by  small  fragments  ])reserved 
by  the  dry  soil.  At  the  side,  in  a  position  indicating  that  tlu^y  were  buried  in  a 
pouch,  were  found  pieces  of  glassy  basalt,  points  chip[)ed  out  of  the  same  material, 
celts,  anil  a  number  of  other  inipli;ments,  varying  with  each  grave.  Near  the 
neck  elk-tooth  pendants  were  freiiuintly  found. 

Closely  rolled  pieces  of  birch-bark  ( I'ig.  117),  \arying  from  an  inch  to  six 
inches  in  length,  rolled  to  a  diameter  of  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch,  were  found 
in  the  hearths,  scattered  over  the  village-sites  and  over  the  graves.     W'lu  iher 


K..ir ..f  ii.|.p,T 

^irnniiil   .1    I'it'.f 

in  ^r.i\f.  1 1.   Iitl 
,lf.  J..    .\.,c.  «i/,-. 


'  Some  of  llicm  aic  ri|truscntf(l  in  l'"i^>.  4,  4S,  55,  5(1,  57.  (j(i,  7(1,  iji,  1)5,  ion,  1 1.|,  115. 

"  Sec  .ilso  Kiys.  3  anil  40, 

■'  Some  of  these  ohjecls  .are  represented  in  V\^s,  24.  34,  84,  (j4.  ()<i. 

■*  Specimens  of  some  of  these  are  shown  in  i*"ii;s.  ej,  20,  35,  4(1,  50,  54,  7_j,  77,  103,  k,,;,  1  it 


w 


I'OI.UMItlA. 

of  stone  and  |)icccs  of 
UTS,  tlinc  whcistonts, 
cs,  a  lioni:  scrapt'i"  and 
lants  of  mica,  and  l)iis 

unian  l)oni's  that  were? 
ust.  Tlu!  head  lay  to 
siial  manner  |)rt'viously 
f  ol)jects,  includin^r  a 
)nc.s,  Ijircli-bark,  beads 
d  cov(!rc(l  witli  copper 
lined,  besides  traces  of 
IS  chips  of  stone,  a  [lair 
lalone  shell,  tassels  of 
paint.  'I'hese  ucmc  in 
'  deposited  in  a  poiicli. 
)f  a  puma,  were  founil 
ell  spoon  partly  filled 
:edles,  a  harpoon-point 
,  bone  tid)es,  beaver- 
assy  basalt,  two  wlu.'t- 
detaclied,  a  celt  made 
-■eds  of  l.ylliospcrDiHiii. 
is  that  while  in  seed  it 
lixed  with  a  very  black 
It.     Seeds  of  this  kind 

ear  colors  were  some- 
as  anudets  or  charms, 
pical  i;ravc;s  the  bodies 
lest.  They  were  often 
11  fraj^ments  preserved 
they  were  burieil  in  ;i 
t  of  the  same  material, 
ach   nrave.      Near  the 

from  an  inch  to  six 
to  an  inch,  were  found 
he  eraves.      WluilKr 


SMITH,  AKCII.KOl.OC.Y  oK    I.Y  ITON,  IIRITISII  (OI.UMlllA. 


i6i 


« 


of  Itirch-llark.  Vn\\\\\ 
in  cxciiv.itinn.  \  imt. 
si/c. 


these  ori.dnally  ha.i  paintings  or  drawing's  on  them  is  not  known,  nor  is  any 
other  u'e^knoJn.     Many  of  them  have  been  partly  burned,  which  su,«ests  their 

"^V:^  l.irch.bark  were  sometimes  buried  with  the  dead  by  b.uh  the 
Thompson  River  Indians  and  th.'  MlU.oets.  The  latter  tribe  now  e.vtends  from 
some  forty  miles  above  Lylton  into  the  valley  next  west,  as  far 
south  as  1  larrison  l.ake.  The  LiUooets  formerly  wrapped  some 
of  their  dead  in  birch-bark,  and  often  lin.d  the  graves  with  the 

same  material.  ,   ,     .        ■        r  n  •» 

0«<//M7V';/.v.-The  prehistoric  culture  of  the  interior  of  Hrit- 
ish  Columbia,  as  evidence.1  by  funis  at  Lytton,  Kamloops  and 
Spences  Ikid^e.  was  .piit.e  uniform,  althouj,di  there,  may  have  been 
sllduvariati.ins  in  these  localities.  On  the  whole,  this  culture 
,v"embKs  that  of  the  present  inhabitants  of  the  interior  of  I  rit- 
ish  Columbia.  The  mode  of  life  of  the  pirhistoric  tribes,  their 
ufnsils  their  methods  of  manufacture,  and  even  their  customs, 
must  have-  been  practically  the  same  as  those  of  the  recent  In- 
dians One  of  the  strongest  evidences  for  the  id.'ntity  of  culture 
is  tin.  ability  of  the  modern  Indians  to  interpret  the  conventional 
desi<msfountl  on  prehistoric  remains.  ,.        .  ,    , 

■  "^rhere  are,  however,  sli.du  differences  between  the  prehistoric  and  the  recent 
cultures'  Tlu^se  arc-  indicate<l  by  the  chan^.^  in  the  style  of  arrow-hc:ads.  which 
were  much  lai-er  amon:^  the  prehistoric  people.  The  ancient  type  of  pipe 
Lembled  the  (^ehistoric  pipe  of  Oregon  and  California,  whdc-  tl- -c-^  P'P-;; 
practically  of  the  same  type  as  that  found  on  the  plains.  No  inc  .c.tions  were 
found  su;'-estinK  that  the  prehistoric  tribes  knew  the  potter  s  art.  which,  up  to  the 
present  time,  is  unknown  in  this  area.  ,    ,1    ,  .,^  .u:. 

The  style  of  carvin-  exhibited  in  some  of  the  specimens  su-o^'sts  tha  at  tl.s 
early  time  the  people  of  the  interior  of  I'.ritish  Columbia  we.-e  inlluenced  by  the 
coast  tribes,  who  have  developed  a  very  hi.^h  plastic  art.  The  use  of  slate  fish- 
knives  and  harpoon-points  maybe  due  to  the  same  cause  ' '-  ;-™-;  J 
dentalium  and  olivella  shells,  and  of  pendants  made  of  the  she  1  of  I utn 
caurinus  and  abalone  from  the  Pacific  coast,  prove  the  existence  of  intertribal 
trad.-  in  that  direction.  On  the  whole,  however,  the  prehistoric  culture  .>f  th« 
interior  of  I'.ritish  Columbia  shows  greater  affinity  to  that  of  the  western  plateaus 
than  to  that  of  the-  North  Pacific  coast.  Up  to  this  time  we  have  no  evidence  o 
a  chan-e  of  type  or  of  a  material  change  of  culture  since  the  earliest  times  of 
which  we  have  knowledge. 


I.  11;. 


)T,  r<ii>,  irn. 


!.  ! 


:: 


i  '■•,.i*(^fc.>wU«i.i  »-"  ■  -' 


I'LAIl'    XI II 


■/  ' 


i:XPLANAT10N    OF    I'LATK    XIII. 


Fi,n.  I.  fCal.  No.  520).  —  \'iow  up  the  Fraser  River  to  tlu' noillnvard  from  I.ytton,  R.  (.".  The' 
son  River  is  seen  joining  the  Frascr  from  th ;  east.  'I'he  noted  Inirial-pUue  at  T. 
located  on  the  Iiarren  sl()|)e  beyond  the  road-liri  Ige.  Stein  Creek  joins  the  Fras 
the  west  in  the  dir,tanee.  The  nearest  land  on  the  left  is  the  ranch  culliv: 
Chinamen. 

Fig.  2.  (Cat.  No.  52X).  —  View  across  the  P'raser  River  to  the  westward  from  a  jioint  on  the 
ment  road  about  half  a  mile  north  of  Lytton,  B.  C.  A  village-site  and  burial-ground 
as  the  "Sixth  Site,"  was  located  among  the  f.rst  bushes  on  the  opposite  bank.  A 
\t'n,  or  depression  where  an  underground  house  had  been,  is  seen  in  the  foregroi 
measures  thirty-nine  feet  in  diameter  from  the  inside  edges,  and  is  practically  a  ci 
diameter  at  right  angles  to  this  being  but  two  feet  shorter.  The  corresponding  n 
ments  from  the  outer  edges  of  the  surrounding  ridge  are  fifty-three  feet  and  fo 
feet.  The  bank  between  the  points  where  these  measurements  were  taken  is  fron 
In  iliirty  incites  above  the  level  of  the  ground  ;  and  the  depth  of  the  hole  at  the 
apiiroximalely  six  feet. 


ditan 


Memoirs  Am.   Mus.   Nat.   Hisl.,  Vol,  II. 


Plate    Xlll 


ATE    XIII. 


tliward  from  I.ytlon,  H.  C.     The  'I'liomp- 

t.     'I'he  noted  burial-place  at  I,ytton  is 

go.     Stein  Creek  joins  the  Fraser  from 

n   the  left  is  the   ranch   cultivated   by 


he  westward  from  a  point  on  the  govern- 
A  village-site  and  burial-ground,  known 
nishes  on  the  opposite  bank.  A  house- 
lad  been,  is  seen  in  the  foreground.  It 
side  edges,  and  is  practically  a  circle,  the 
t  shorter.  The  corresponiling  measure- 
ridge  are  Cifty-three  feet  and  forty-nine 
measurements  were  taken  is  from  twenty 
nd  the  depth  of  the  hole  at  the  centre  is 


Kio.  I. 


Fig   2. 


Archeecjicjgy  of  Lyllon,  British  Columbia. 


